1.
*set standards for: quality of work, wages, working conditions: ...
2.
3rd Crusade: richard the lion-hearted
3.
Authority of the Church in Middle Ages: became more secular
4.
baliffs: royal officials sent from Paris to all over France to preside over king's courts and collect taxes
5.
Burghers: merchant class town dwellers
6.
canon law: church law
7.
causes of feudalism: 1)fall of Charlemagne's empire 2)Treaty of Verdun
8.
Christendom: Christian society on earth; the Church interwoven with daily life
9.
Clergy: priests, bishops (that fall under pope's authority)
10.
Code of Chivalry: complex set of ideals demanded that knight fights bravely in defense of masters (feudal lord, Heavenly lord, lady)
11.
Common Law: unified body of law formed by the rulings of English royal judges
12.
Concordat of Worms: Church alone could appoint a bishop but emperor could veto it
13.
Craft Guilds: Apprentice -> Journeyman -> Master
14.
early feudalism: informal, personal, less legalistic
15.
Eleanor of Aquitaine: married Louis VII of France; married Henry II; mother of Richard lion-hearted and John
16.
Estates General: an assembly of representatives from all three estates
17.
guild: organization of ppl in the same business/occupation working to improve economic and social conditions of its members
18.
Henry II: jury; common law
19.
Holy Roman Empire: 936- when Otto I allied with the church
20.
Hugh Capet: began Capetian dynasty: 987-1328 (France)
21.
increase in trade: influenced ppl's occupation and residence, turned towns into cities
22.
invasions: destroyed the Carolingian empire
23.
Inventions: 1)heavy plow 2)padded horse collar 3)3-field system 4)horse shoe
24.
Investiture of Vassal: 1)Homage 2)oath of fealty 3)fief
25.
July 15, 1099: crusaders captured jerusalem in 2nd crusade
26.
knights: mounted horsemen
27.
later feudalism: formal, impersonal, more legalistic
28.
lay investiture: ceremony in which kings/nobles appointed Church officials
29.
Leif Ericson: reached N America in 1000 AD
30.
liege lord: superior lord; solution to multiple vassalage
31.
lord: could grant fief in exchange for military protection of other services
32.
magna carta: "great charter" - guaranteed basic rights
33.
manorialism:feudalism: manorialism economically supports feudalism
34.
most knights failed to meet high standard and treated lower class brutally: ...
35.
Paris: 1200-Europe's largest city; pop:60,000
36.
parliament: legislative group
37.
Philip II: French king; aka Philip Augustus; increased French territory (seized from English)
38.
Pope Urban II: issued a crusade to gain control of holy land
39.
Reconquista: 1492- King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella unite Iberian peninsula
40.
Rollo and Charles the Simple: 911- started feudalism
41.
Scandinavia: where Vikings were from
42.
scholastics: men who attended great universities
43.
scutage: Money a vassal could pay instead of serving in the military or as councilor
44.
serfs: bound to the land. lifestyle=subsistent
45.
thomas aquinas: argued that basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
46.
tithe: church tax that families owed village priest; 1/10 their income
47.
tournaments: mock battles
48.
troubadours: traveling poet-musicians @ castles and courts in Europe
49.
vassal: person receiving fief
50.
Viking warships: 300 warriors, 72 oars
51.
William the Conqueror/ I: duke of normandy; unified control of the lands and laid foundation for centralized gov in England