chapter 9: the urinary system
Order by
162 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 nephr/o, ren/o | kidneys |
| kidneys | filter the blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations, and remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume within the body |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| renal pelvis | collects urine produced by the kidneys |
| ur/o, urin/o | urine |
| urine | liquid waste products to be excreted |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| ureter | transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| cyst/o | urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | stores urine until it is excreted |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| urethra | transports urine from the bladder through the urethral meatus, where it is excreted |
| prostat/o | prostate |
| prostate | a gland of the male system that surrounds the male urethra; disorders of this bland can disrupt the flow of urine |
| homeostasis | process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment |
| home/o | constat |
| -stasis | control |
| urea | major waste product of protein metabolism |
| urinary tract | consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and a urethra |
| renal | pertaining to the kidneys |
| renal cortex | outer region of the kidney |
| peritoneum | membrane that lines the abdominal cavity |
| cortex | outer portion of an organ |
| medulla | inner region of the kidney; contains most of the urine-collecting tubules |
| nephron | functional unit of the kidney |
| reabsorption | return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration |
| glomerulus | cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the bowman's capsule |
| urochrome | pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color |
| peristalsis | wave-like contractions |
| ureteral orifices | where urine drains from the ureters into the bladder |
| trigone | smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder located between the openings of the ureters and urethra |
| urinary sphincters | control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus |
| urethral meatus | external opening of the urethra |
| meatus | external opening of a canal |
| female urethra | approximately 1.5 inches long, located between the clitoris and opening of vagina |
| male urethra | approximately 8 inches long, located at the tip of the penis |
| urination | process of excreting urine |
| nephrologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the kidneys |
| urologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males |
| renal failure (kidney failure) | inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions |
| uremia | toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea is retained in the bood |
| -emia | blood condition |
| acute renal failure | sudden onset, characterized by uremia; may be caused by a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure |
| chronic renal failure | progressive loss of renal function caused by a variety of conditions |
| end-stage renal disease | refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure in which there is irreversible loss of the function of both kidneys |
| hemolytic uremic syndrome | condition in which hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia cause acute renal failure and death |
| nephrotic syndrome | condition in which very high levels of protein are lost in the urine and abnormally low levels of protein are present in the blood |
| nephrosis | any degenerative kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome without inflammation |
| anuria | absence of urine formation by the kidneys |
| edema | excessive fluid in the body tissues |
| hyperproteinuria | presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine |
| hypoproteinuria | presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood |
| nephropathy | any disease of the kidney |
| diabetic nephropathy | kidney disease characterized by hyperproteinuria, a result of thickening and hardening of the glomeruli caused by long-term diabetes mellitus |
| hydronephrosis | dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys |
| stricture | abnormal band of tissue that narrows or completely blocks a body passage |
| nephrectasis | distention of the pelvis of the kidney |
| distension | enlarged or stretched |
| nephritis | inflammation of the kidney or kidneys |
| glomerulonephritis | type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine |
| glomerul/o | glomeruli |
| nephroptosis | prolapse of a kidney |
| nephropyosis | suppuration of the kidney (formation of discharge or pus) |
| polycystic kidney disease | genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys |
| renal colic | acute pain in the kidney area caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone |
| wilms tumor | malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children |
| stone (calculus) | abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body |
| nephrolithiasis | describes the presence of stones in the kidney |
| nephrolith | stone found in the kidney |
| ureterolith | stone located anywhere along the ureter |
| cystolith | stone located within the urinary bladder |
| hydroureter | distension of the ureter with urine that cannot blow because the ureter is blocked |
| ureterectasis | distension of a ureter |
| ureterorrhagia | discharge of blood from the ureter |
| urinary tract infection | infection that can affect all, or parts, of the urinary system |
| urethritis | inflammation of the urethra |
| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder |
| pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of both the renal pelvis and of the kidney |
| cystalgia | pain in the urinary bladder |
| cystocele | hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall |
| interstitial cystitis | chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder |
| trigonitis | inflammation of the urinary bladder that is localized in the region of the trigone |
| vesicovaginal fistula | abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows the constant flow of urine from the bladder to the vagina |
| vesic/o, cyst/o | bladder |
| neurogenic bladder | urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination |
| incontinence | inability to control the voiding of urine |
| neuropathy | peripheral nervous system disorder affecting nerves anywhere except the brain or the spinal cord |
| urethrorrhagia | bleeding from the urethra |
| urethrorrhea | abnormal discharge from the urethra |
| urethrostenosis | narrowing of the urethra |
| epispadias | congenital abnormality of the urethral opening males: urethral opening located on upper surface of penis females: urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris |
| hypospadias | congenital abnormality of the urethral opening males: urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis females: urethral opening is into the vagina |
| paraspadias | congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the side of the penis |
| benign prostatic hypertrophy | abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over the age of 50 |
| hypertrophy | general increase in bulk of a body part or organ that is not due to tumor formation |
| prostatism | condition of having symptoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| prostate cancer | one of the most common cancers among men |
| prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate gland |
| diuresis | increased output of urine |
| dysuria | difficult or painful urination |
| enuresis | involuntary discharge of urine |
| nocturnal enuresis | urinary incontinence during sleep |
| nocturia | excessive urination during the night |
| oliguria | scanty urination |
| olig- | scanty |
| polyuria | excessive urination |
| urinary hesitancy | difficulty in starting a urinary stream |
| urinary retention | inability to empty the bladder |
| incontinence | inability to control the excretion of urine and feces |
| urinary incontinence | inability to control the voiding of urine |
| stress incontinence | inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing |
| overactive bladder | occurs when detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active |
| urinalysis | examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements |
| bladder ultrasound | use of handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination |
| catheterization | insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes |
| cystography | radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter |
| cystoscopy | visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope |
| intravenous pyelogram | radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters |
| computed tomography | more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides addition imaging of the abdomen |
| KUB | radiographic study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder without the use of a contrast medium |
| retrograde urography | radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract |
| voiding cystourethrography | diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra |
| digital rectal examination | performed on men to screen for prostate enlargement, infection, and indications of prostate cancer |
| digital | performed with a gloved finger |
| prostate-specific antigen | used to screen for prostate cancer |
| diuretics | medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt |
| dialysis | procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function |
| hemodialysis | process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood |
| peritoneal dialysis | lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood |
| nephrolysis | freeing of a kidney from adhesions |
| -lysis | setting free, destruction |
| nephropexy (nephrorrhaphy) | surgical fixation of a floating kidney |
| nephrostomy | establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior, creating an opening |
| pyeloplasty | surgical repair of the renal pelvis |
| pyelotomy | surgical incision into the renal pelvis |
| renal transplantation (kidney transplant) | grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys |
| extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy | destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel |
| lithotripsy | to crush a stone |
| nephrolithotomy | surgical removal of a nephrolith |
| percutaneous nephrolithotomy | performed by making a small incision in the back and inserting a nephroscope to crush and remove a kidney stone |
| ureterectomy | surgical removal of a ureter |
| ureteroplasty | surgical repair of a ureter |
| ureterorrhaphy | surgical suturing of a ureter |
| cystectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder |
| cystopexy | surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall |
| cystorrhaphy | surgical suturing of the bladder |
| lithotomy | surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder |
| catheterization | performed with withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to control incontinence, or to place fluid into the bladder |
| ureteral catheterization | performed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder |
| indwelling catheter | one that remains inside the boddy for a prolonged time |
| suprapubic catheterization | placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone |
| meatotomy | surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening |
| urethropexy | surgical fixation of the urethra |
| urethrostomy | surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin |
| ablation | term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer, describes the removal of a body part of the destruction of its function by surgery, hormones drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods |
| prostatectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland |
| radical prostatectomy | surgical removal of the entire prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and some surrounding tissues |
| transurethral prostatectomy | removal of an overgrowth of tissue from the prostate gland through a resectoscope |
| resectoscope | specialized endoscopic instrument that resembles a cystoscope |
| kegel exercises | series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women |
| bladder retraining | program of urinating on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals between scheduled urination |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.