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ambivalent having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something; equivocal antagonize to cause (someone) to become angry; to annoy arrogant having an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilities auditory related to the sense of hearing awe wonder; admiration compromise to weaken or put into danger; to undermine condemn to express complete disapproval of; to criticize condone to accept and allow bad behavior to continue conducive making something likely or possible; favorable to deter to discourage (someone) from doing something, using doubt or fear digress to leave the main subject temporarily in speech or writing; to deviate disparity a large difference embellish to make something more interesting by adding extra details; to exaggerate enigma something that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to figure out esoteric understood by only a small number of people with specialized knowledge; obscure estrange to cause (someone) to be no longer close or affectionate; to alienate eulogy a speech or piece of writing that praises someone highly, typically someone who has just died fabricate to invent, concoct, or make (something) up; to lie frank open; honest illusory based on illusion; not real indulge to allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of maverick an unorthodox or independent-minded person; a nonconformist modest relatively moderate, limited, or small momentous important; significant pertain to be appropriate, related, or applicable placid clam and peaceful; not easily upset or excited plague a thing causing constant trouble or irritation reiterate to repeat for emphasis or clarity somber dark or dull in color or tone; gloomy spontaneous the result of a sudden impulse, without planning stark severe or bare in appearance; austere stereotype a widely held but oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing unwarranted not justified or authorized; unnecessary imperious assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering impervious unable to be affected by peruse to read thoroughly and carefully pursue to follow (someone or something); to seek to attain or accomplish (a goal) populace the people living in a particular country or area populist a person who is concerned with the views or interests of ordinary people populous having a large population; densely populated systematic done or acting according to a fixed plan or system; methodical systemic related to the whole system, not just parts pedestrian lacking inspiration or excitement; dull qualify to make (a statement or assertion) less absolute; to modify, limit, or temper emphasize to give special importance to (something); to stress irony the use of language that seems to be the opposite of the intended meaning; sarcasm cacophony a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds cathartic providing psychological relief through the open expression of strong emotions dissolute lax in morals; licentious electorate all the people who are entitled to vote in an election ineffable too great or extreme to be expressed or described in words libel a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation litigious concerned (or overly concerned) with lawsuits or litigation quarrelsome argumentative; confrontational sanctimonious making a show of being morally superior to other people; self-righteous adroit clever or skillful in using the hands or mind antiquated old-fashioned or outdated articulate having the ability to speak fluently and coherently; eloquent augment to make (something) greater by adding to it; to increase bombast high-sounding language with little meaning, used to impress people comprehensive complete; all-inclusive convoluted extremely complex and difficult to follow decorum behavior in keeping with good taste and propriety; etiquette denounce to publicly declare to be wrong or evil deplore to feel or express strong disapproval of (something); to abhor didactic intended to teach, especially in a patronizing way or having moral instruction as a hidden motive ebullient cheerful and full of energy; exuberant endeavor to try hard to do or achieve something exacerbate to make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse futile incapable of producing any useful result; pointless glorify to describe (something) as admirable, especially undeservedly; to glamorize impetuous acting or done quickly and without thought or care; impulsive incongruous not in harmony with the surroundings or other aspects of something inconsequential not important or significant infatuation an intense but short-lived passion or admiration for (something) invaluable extremely useful; indispensable keen sharp or penetrating lament a passionate expression of grief or sorrow melancholy a deep, pensive, and long-lasting sadness monotonous dull, tedious, and repetitious; lacking in variety and interest plight a dangerous, difficult, or otherwise unfortunate situation prudent acting with care and thought for the future; wise radical affecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching remorse deep sadness or guilt for a wrong committed repress to hold down or subdue (something) by force simulate to imitate the appearance or character of steadfast resolutely firm and unwavering; loyal subtle so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe susceptible likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing tact adroitness and sensitivity in dealing with others or with difficult issues; diplomacy temper to serve as a neutralizing or counterbalancing force to (something); to moderate confidant a person with whom one shares a secret or private matter expansive covering or affecting a large area temperance moderation or self-restraint temperate showing moderation or self-restraint temperament a person's character, personality, or nature advocate a person who publicly supports a particular cause euphemism an indirect expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh when referring to something unpleasant nostalgia a sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations paradox a statement that, despite sound reasoning from facts, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless or illogical; a self-contradiction understatement the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is allege to claim or assert that someone has done something illegal or wrong; to accuse amalgam a mixture or blend avant-garde new, unusual, and experimental, especially as related to the arts; innovative fervent displaying a passionate intensity; ardent laconic using very few words; concise perfidy deceitfulness; untrustworthiness phlegmatic having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition; dispassionate punctilious showing great attention to detail or correct behavior; meticulous stature importance or reputation gained by ability or achievement abstract theoretical; existing as an idea but not having a physical existence appease to pacify or placate (someone) by agreeing to their demands borne carried or supported callous showing an insensitive and cruel disregard for others; heartless connoisseur an expert judge in matters of taste constitute to be (a part) of a whole conventional based on what is generally done or believed; traditional conviction a firmly held belief or opinion deride to express contempt for; to ridicule despondent in low spirits from loss of hope or courage; disheartened dialect a particular form of a language that is unique to a specific region or social group disaffected dissatisfied with the people in authority and no longer willing to support them edify to instruct or improve (someone) morally or intellectually; to enlighten evade to escape or avoid, especially by cleverness or trickery; to elude exasperate to irritate or annoy to an extreme degree; to infuriate exemplify to be a typical example of; to epitomize hackneyed overused; unoriginal implement to put (a decision, plan, agreement, etc.) into effect jaded tired, bored, or lacking enthusiasm, typically after having had too much of something; apathetic laud to praise highly, especially in a public context; to commend mortality the state of being subject to death precocious having developed certain abilities at an earlier age than usual; gifted prestige widespread respect and admiration felt for someone or something; fame proliferate to increase rapidly in numbers; to multiply reproach to address (someone) in such a way as to express disapproval or disappointment; to reprimand reticent not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily; reserved skeptic a person inclined to question or doubt an accepted opinion solicit to ask for or try to obtain (something) from someone; to request suffice to be enough or adequate tractable easy to control or influence; malleable verbose using more words than are needed; wordy aristocrat a member of the highest class of society autocrat a ruler who has absolute power; a dictator bureaucrat an official in a government department; an administrator plutocrat a person whose power derives from their wealth; a rich person precipitate to cause (an undesirable event) to happen suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely precipitous dangerously high or steep principal most important; main principle a basic law; a fundamental truth appointed equipped or furnished in a specified way skirt to go around or past the edge of cliché a phrase or opinion that is overused and lacks original thought dramatize to present in a vivid or striking way imply to strongly suggest but not explicitly state metaphor a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable apolitical not interested or involved in politics chicanery the use of trickery to achieve a political, financial, or legal purpose; deception consummate showing a high degree of skill and flair; complete or perfect felicitous well chosen or suited to the circumstances; apt formidable inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable grating sounding harsh and unpleasant mediate to intervene between people in a dispute in order to bring about an agreement or reconciliation; to arbitrate ossify to turn into bone or bony tissue; to become rigid or inflexible repertoire a stock of plays, dances, or pieces that a company or a performer knows or is prepared to perform squalid extremely dirty and unpleasant, especially as a result of poverty or neglect arduous requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring belie to fail to give a true impression of (something); to disguise or contradict conception the way in which something is regarded or understood; a general idea conscientious wishing to do what is right, especially to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly; diligent corroborate to confirm or give support to (a statement or theory) cryptic having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure; confusing debilitate to make (someone) weak and infirm; to impair defuse to reduce the danger or tension in (a difficult situation) determinism the philosophy that says that all events are predetermined or controlled by external causes dilatory slow; sluggish disparage to insult or belittle; to trivialize, ridicule, or mock eccentric unconventional and slightly strange; abnormal effusive expressing feelings of gratitude or pleasure in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner; gushing exhaust to use up (resources or reserves) completely expedite to make (an action or process) happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly; to facilitate gullible easily persuaded to believe something; naïve heritage valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions and historic buildings that have been passed down from previous generations; inheritance innovate to invent or introduce new methods, ideas, or products jocular humorous or playful; fond of joking mandate an official order to do something munificent larger or more generous than is usual or necessary objective not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering facts; unbiased oblivious not aware of or not concerned about what is happening around one pedant a person who is excessively concerned with minor details and rules or with displaying academic learning perceive to sense; to become aware or conscious of (something) prevail to be widespread in a particular area at a particular time; to be current prolific producing many works repudiate to reject; to refuse to accept or be associated with respective relating separately to each of several people or things synthesis the combining of things to form a whole or something new tenacious not easily letting go of or giving up an object, a position, or an idea; not easily dispelled or discouraged tyrant a cruel and oppressive ruler verify to make sure or demonstrate that (something) is true or accurate; to confirm demur to raise doubts or objections; to show reluctance demure reserved, modest, and shy; meek antipathy a deep-seated feeling of dislike; aversion apathy a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern; indifference empathy the ability to understand and share the feelings of another sympathy feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune pathetic arousing pity, especially through vulnerability or sadness; pitiful regal fit for a monarch, especially in being magnificent or dignified regale to entertain or amuse (someone) with talk spare with no excess fat; elegantly simple sparse thinly dispersed or scattered; scarce spartan lacking comfort or luxury; austere appreciate to rise in value or price table to postpone the consideration of rhetoric the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing gratuitous uncalled for; lacking good reason incontrovertible not able to be denied or disputed; certain paragon a person or thing regarded as a perfect example of a particular quality plastic easily shaped or molded; malleable slovenly messy and dirty; scruffy subvert to undermine the power and authority of (an established system or institution); to destabilize vacuous lacking thought or intelligence; mindless account a report or description of an event or experience anthropology the study of humans, human societies, and human cultural development belligerent hostile and aggressive; confrontational chronicle a factual written account of important or historical events conspicuous standing out and clearly visible; attracting attention critique a detailed analysis and assessment of something cultivate to grow (something); to raise (something) dearth a scarcity or lack of something; a paucity deceive to cause (someone) to believe something that is not true; to trick defer to put off (an action or event) to a later time; to postpone dispassionate not influenced by strong emotion; objective, neutral, or impartial eclectic taking ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources; broad-based empirical based on observation and experience rather than theory or pure logic; evidence-based equivocal open to more than one interpretation; ambiguous expedient convenient and practical, although possibly improper or immoral exuberant filled a lively energy and excitement; ebullient fallacy a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument homogeneous consisting of parts all of the same kind; uniform induce to succeed in persuading or influencing (someone) to do something insight the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of something; acuity judicious having or done with good judgment or sense; wise mitigate to make less severe, serious, or painful; to alleviate notorious famous or well known, typically for some bad quality or deed; infamous obsolete no longer produced or used; outdated plausible seeming reasonable or probable; credible predecessor a person who held a job or office before the current holder; forerunner prescribe to recommend with authority (a substance or action) as something beneficial refute to prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; to disprove squander to waste (something, especially money or time) in a reckless and foolish manner tacit understood or implied without being stated utter to say (something) aloud venerate to think of with great respect; to revere vex to make (someone) feel annoyed, frustrated, or worried, especially with trivial matters discreet careful to avoid social embarrassment or distress, especially by keeping confidences secret; tactful discrete individually separate and distinct intransigence a refusal or unwillingness to change one's views or to agree about something; stubbornness transient lasting only for a short time; impermanent brevity briefness; conciseness dubious doubting; hesitating or uncertain humility humbleness; a modest or low view of one's own importance levity lightheartedness; humor or frivolity employ to make use of hypothesis a theory; a proposed explanation satire the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices anomaly something different from what is standard, normal, or expected; an oddity contrived deliberately created; artificial equanimity mental calmness, composure, and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation; composure irascible easily made angry; irritable lackadaisical lacking enthusiasm and determination; carelessly lazy placate to make (someone) less angry or hostile; to pacify prescient having knowledge of events before they take place; prophetic pundit an expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called on to give opinions about it to the public sedulous showing dedication and diligence; meticulous subterfuge deceit used in order to achieve a goal; trickery trenchant vigorous or incisive; penetrating astute having an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage; shrewd benevolent well meaning and kindly; compassionate buoy to cause (someone) to become cheerful or confident; to encourage concur to be of the same opinion; to agree daunting intimidating; seeming difficult to deal with demeanor outward behavior or bearing; manner derive to get or obtain something from specified source discredit to harm the good reputation of (someone or something) disdain the feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect; contempt disillusioned disappointed in something after discovering it to be less good than once believed engage to participate or become involved in eradicate to destroy completely; to put an end to facetious treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor; flippant fanciful overimaginative and unrealistic; far-fetched grounded well balanced and sensible ideal perfect; most suitable illuminate to help to clarify or explain (a subject or matter); to shed light on inept having or showing no skill; clumsy methodology a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity naïve showing a lack of experience, wisdom, or judgment; innocent opportune well-chosen or particularly favorable or appropriate; auspicious prominent important; famous provincial unsophisticated or narrow-minded; parochial receptive willing to consider or accept new suggestions and ideas render to represent or depict artistically resilient able to recover or spring back quickly after being bent or compressed, or after difficult conditions revere to feel deep respect or admiration for (something); to honor straightforward uncomplicated and easy to do or understand; honest tranquil calm; peaceful trivial of little value or importance vibrant full of energy and enthusiasm vulnerable at risk of suffering physical or emotional attack or harm circumscribe to restrict (something) within limits; to surround circumspect wary and unwilling to take risks; cautious circumvent to overcome (a problem or difficulty), typically in a clever or sneaky way; to get around hearsay unverified information received from other people; rumor heresy an opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine or what is generally accepted; blasphemy incredulous unwilling to believe something; skeptical proceed to begin or continue a course of action; to move forward precede to come before (something) appropriate to take (something) for one's own use, typically without the owner's permission; to seize check to stop or slow down the progress of (something undesirable); to curb lay not having professional qualifications or expert knowledge, especially in law or medicine; nonspecialist allusion an indirect reference foreshadow to be a warning or indication of (a future event) hyperbole exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally; overstatement anachronism a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned; a thing belonging to a different time period clandestine kept secret or done secretively, especially because illicit; covert lugubrious looking or sounding sad and dismal; mournful machinate to engage in plots and intrigues; to scheme palliate to make (a disease or its symptoms) less severe or unpleasant without removing the cause progenitor a person who originates an artistic, political, or intellectual movement pugnacious eager or quick to argue, quarrel, or fight; combative tangential only barely touching or related to (something); peripheral vacillate to alternate or waver between different opinions or actions; to be indecisive acute severe or intense; sharp arbitrary based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system; capricious baffle to totally bewilder or perplex; to puzzle cantankerous bad-tempered, argumentative, and uncooperative; grumpy incessant continuing without pause or interruption cohere to be united; to form a whole decry to publicly denounce; to condemn deliberate to consider carefully; to ponder diminutive extremely or unusually small; miniscule dominate to exercise control over; to have a commanding influence on enterprise a project or undertaking, typically one that is difficult or requires effort; an endeavor epitome a person or thing that is a perfect example of a particular quality or type idiosyncrasy a trait specific to an individual impose to force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place lavish sumptuously rich, elaborate, or luxurious moderate average; not too large, severe or intense prejudice a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience; a bias profound showing great knowledge, perception, or insight prohibitive too expensive for most people to pay proximity closeness in space, time, or relationship; nearness rational reasonable; logical reminisce to fondly talk or write about events remembered from the past revelation a surprising and previously unknown fact, especially one that is made known in a dramatic way rigidity inflexibility stringent strictly controlled or enforced substantial of considerable importance, size, or worth; significant terminate to come to an end, or to bring (something) to an end vicarious experienced in the imagination through the feelings or actions of someone else vigor physical strength and good health; effort, energy, and enthusiasm wistful having a feeling of vague or regretful longing; yearning for something lost casual relaxed and informal causal relating to or acting as a cause indigenous originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native indigent poor; destitute indignant feeling anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment; resentful ingenious clever, original, and inventive ingenuous innocent and unsuspecting; naïve exploit to make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource), not necessarily unfairly analogy a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification citation a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author figurative not literal; metaphorical jargon special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand ominous giving the impression that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen; threatening portray to depict (someone or something) in a work of art or literature; to represent aplomb self-confidence or assurance, especially when in a demanding situation; poise cajole to persuade someone to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery embroil to involve (someone) deeply in an argument, conflict, or difficult situation; to entangle inundate to overwhelm (someone) with things to be dealt with; to besiege mercurial subject to sudden or unpredictable changes of mood or mind; volatile myopic lacking imagination, foresight, or intellectual insight; narrow-minded rancor long-standing bitterness or resentfulness; spite reprehensible deserving censure or condemnation; disgraceful strident loud and harsh; grating thwart to prevent (someone) from accomplishing something; to foil tout to attempt to persuade people of the merits of (someone or something); to extol acquisitive excessively interested in obtaining money or material things adept very skilled or proficient at something; adroit adhere to believe in and follow the practices of adverse preventing success or development; harmful apprehension anxiety or fear that something bad or unpleasant will happen; disquiet archaic very old or old-fashioned; obsolete benign gentle; kindly commend to praise, compliment, or honor consensus general agreement contemporary living or occurring at the same time as (something else) contend to struggle against (a difficulty or danger) curative able to cure something, typically disease; therapeutic discern to perceive or recognize (something) dispel to make (a doubt, feeling, or belief) disappear; to drive (something) away elude to evade or escape from (a danger, enemy, or pursuer), typically in a skillful or cunning way enthrall to capture the fascinated attention of; to captivate impede to delay or prevent (someone or something) by obstructing them; to hinder inherent existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute; intrinsic insolent showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect; impertinent integrity the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness linguistic related to language or linguistics (the study of language) ornate made in an intricate shape or decorated with complex patterns; elaborate partisan prejudiced in favor of a particular cause penchant a strong or habitual liking for something or tendency to do something; a proclivity pragmatic dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical considerations quizzical indicating mild or amused puzzlement; curious reconcile to restore friendly relations between reputable having a good reputation; respected resolute purposeful, determined, and unwavering; adamant rudiment a basic building block of something; an elementary or primitive form of something scrutinize to examine or inspect closely and thoroughly terse using few words; concise wield to hold and use (a weapon, a tool, power, or influence) aesthetic concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty ascetic practicing severe self-discipline and avoidance of all luxury censor to examine (a book, movie, etc.) and suppress or remove unacceptable parts of it censure to express severe disapproval of (someone or something), typically in a formal statement; to reprimand urban related to a city or town urbane suave, courteous, and refined in manner; sophisticated found to establish or originate (an institution or organization) reserved slow to reveal emotion or opinions; reticent tax to make heavy demands on (someone's powers or resources) supersede to take the place of (a person or thing previously in use); to supplant supercilious behaving as though one thinks one is superior to others; arrogant superficial existing only on the surface; not deep superfluous unnecessary, especially through being more than enough; surplus alacrity brisk and cheerful readiness; eagerness barrage a concentrated outpouring; a deluge duplicitous deceitful forgo to omit or decline to take (something pleasant or valuable); to go without humane having compassion or benevolence; inflicting the minimum of pain innocuous not harmful or offensive; safe obsequious obedient or attentive to an excessive or servile degree; fawning peeve to annoy or irritate; to vex or exasperate stratagem a plan or scheme, especially one used to outwit an opponent or achieve a goal