chapter 16 med term
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri | approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain. the pituitary is divided into two lobes. It is often referred to as the master gland because it produces hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands |
| anterior lobe or adenohypophysis | produces and secretes the following hormones |
| growth hormone (gh) | regulates the growth of the body |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates the adrenal cortex |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid gland |
| gonadotropic hormones | affect the male and female reproductive systems |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) | regulate development, growth, and function of the ovaries and testes |
| prolactin or lactogenic hormone (PRL) | promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after birth of an infant |
| posterior lobe or neurohypophysis | stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water |
| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum |
| hypothalamus | area of the brain that is part of the limbic system and regulates behaviors such as, eating, drinking, sexual behaviors, motivation; also body temperature |
| thyroid gland | large gland in the front of the neck, it secretes hormones which regulate growth and metabolism |
| parathyroid glands | there are four and they are embedded in the surface of the thyroid, function in the homeostasis of calcium ions. They secrete Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises blood levels of calcium and thus has an effect opposite to that of the thyroid hormone calcitonin. |
| islets of langerhans | clusters of endocrine cells that secrete two hormones directly into the circulatory system. Each islet has a population of alpha cells, which secrete the peptide hormone glucagons, and a population of beta cells, which secrete the hormone insulin. |
| adrenal glands or suprarenals | paired glands, one of which is located above each kidney; the outer portion is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner portion is called the adrenal medulla |
| cortisol | secreted from the adrenal cortex, aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels and suppressing immune system function |
| aldosterone | hormone that the adrenal cortex secretes to regulate sodium and potassium ion concentrations and fluid volume |
| epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) | secreted by the adrenal medulla; these hormones help the body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations |
| aden o | gland |
| adren o, adrenal o | adrenal glands |
| cortic o | cortex (the outer layer of a body organ |
| endocrin o | endocrine |
| parathyroid o | parathyroid glands |
| pituitar o | pituitary gland |
| thyroid o, thyr o | thyroid gland |
| acr o | extremities, height |
| calc i | calcium |
| dips o | thirst |
| kal i | potassium |
| natr o | sodium |
| -drome | run, running |
| acidosis | condition brought about by an abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| Addison disease | chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex; symptoms may include weakness, darkening of skin, loss of appetitie, depression, and other emotional problems |
| cretinism | condition caused by congential absence of the thyroid, resulting in puffy features, mental deficiency, and dwarfism |
| cushing syndrome | collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause, such as a result of excessive production by the adrenal gland (often caused by a tumor), or more commonly as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; symptoms include excessive thirst (polydipisia) and large amounts of urine (polyuria) and sodium being excreted from the body |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by underactivity of the islets of langerhans and characterized by elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia); can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy |
| gigantism | condition brought about by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| graves disease | disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and exophthalmos |
| ketosis | condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat metabolism |
| myxedema | condition resulting from a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of hypothyroidism in an adult; symptoms include puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia |
| pheochromocytoma | tumor of the adrenal medulla, which is usually benign and characterized by hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain; surgical removal of the tumor is the most common treatment; can be fatal if untreated |
| tetany | condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone |
| thyrotoxicosis | EXCESSIVE THYROID HORMONE IN THE BODY CAUSING TOXIC CONDITION |
| radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) | a nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function; radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured |
| thyroid scan | nuclear medicine test that shows the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland |
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) | a blood test performed after the patient has fated for 8 to 10 hours to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood at the time of the test; elevation may indicate diabetes mellitus |
| glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) | a blood test that measures the average blood sugar concentration over the life span of the red blood cell. |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | a blood test that measures that amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose hyperthyroidism and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy |
| thyroxine level (T4) | a blood study that give the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient's blood. A greater-than-normal amount indicates hyperthyroidism; a less-than-normal amount indicates hypothyroidism |
| exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyeball |
| hormone | a chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue |
| isthmus | narrow strip of tissue connecting two large parts in the body, such as the isthmus that connects the two lbes of the thyroid gland |
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