Ch. 10 - Endocrine System
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NKolczynski on April 15, 2011
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 gland | a structure in the body that can secrete or release |
| hormones | chemical messengers carried in the bloodstream which coordinate and direct specific activities of the body |
| pituitary gland | the "master gland", located at the base of the brain in the diencephalon and divided into two lobes, it secretes hormones which regulate other glands |
| anterior pituitary | controlled by the hypothalamus, it secretes seven hormones which mainly affect growth and sexual development |
| posterior pituitary | secretes two hormones, affecting water absorption (ADH) by the kidneys and uterine contractions (oxytocin) during childbirth |
| thyroid gland | butterfly-shaped gland in the anterior of the neck that regulates body metabolism and calcium levels; it requires iodine to function properly |
| parathyroid glands | four small glands attached to the back side of the thyroid, regulates calcium and phosphorus levels |
| adrenal glands | a pair of glands located one above each kidney, divided into the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
| adrenal cortex | produces about 30 hormones that reduce inflammation, metabolize food, make new cells, balance electrolytes and fluid levels, and develop sex characteristics in males |
| adrenal medulla | produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, responsible for body's fight-or-flight responses |
| pancreas | fish-shaped organ behind the stomach, produces insulin and glucagon. as well as secreting digestive juices through duct into the small intestine |
| pineal body | pea-sized gland deep within the brain which produces melatonin |
| melatonin | hormone responsible for the sleep cycle and delay of onset of puberty |
| insulin | hormone which causes cells to store glucose to reduce high blood sugar levels |
| glucagon | hormone which causes cells to release glucose in response to low blood sugar levels |
| thymus | butterfly-shaped gland above the heart which stimulates cells in the immune system; begins to turn to fatty and connective tissue during puberty to adulthood |
| ovaries | sex glands of the female, one on each side of the uterus, regulate menstruation and secondary sex characteristics |
| testes | sex glands of the male, suspended outside the body in the scrotal sac, regulate sex characteristics of the male |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | condition in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin; symptoms include excessive urination, thirst, and hunger |
| type 1 diabetes | results when the pancreas does not produce any insulin, usually diagnosed in childhood or early in life; treated with regular injections of insulin |
| type 2 diabetes | results when the panreas does not produce enough insulin, usually diagnosed after age 45, linked to obesity; may be treated with diet, exercise, oral medications or insulin injections |
| hyperthyroidism | overactive thyroid leading to increased metabolism, results in extreme irritability, weight loss, exophthalmus, goiter, and rapid pulse |
| goiter | swollen thyroid gland |
| exophthalmus | bulging eyeballs |
| hypothyroidism | underactive thyroid leading to decreased metabolism, results in fatigue, slow mental function, weight gain, coarse skin, and slow pulse |
| metabolism | the body's use of food to produce energy and growth; the sum of all chemical reactions within a cell |
| hypothalamus | a link between the nervous and the endocrine system, located in the diencephalon, controls the pituituary gland and regulates hunger, thirst, body temp, and fluid balance |
| Cushing's syndrome | excess cortisol, usually from benign pituitary tumor, resulting in upper body obesity, round face, fatigue, depression, hypertension and hyperglycemia; may be a side effect of medical use of steroids |
| acromegaly | results when the pituitary produces excess growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty; a form of gigantism |
| Grave's disease | an autoimmune disorder, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism |
| thyroid storm | a potentially fatal form of hyperthyroidism usually due to infection or trauma |
| Islets of Langerhans | specialized cells in the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon |
| cortisol (hydrocortisone) | the "stress hormone"; a powerful steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex in response to release of ACTH in the pituitary, it increases blood sugar, suppresses the immune system, and aids in metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| Addison's disease | deficiency of adrenocorticosteroids due to autoimmune attack on adrenal cortex, causing weakness, fatigue, hypotension, hypoglycemia, depression; can be fatal if untreated |
| anabolic steroid | a group of usually synthetic hormones derived from testosterone that promote the storage of protein and growth of tissue |
| prostaglandins | `molecules that act like hormones and have wide-ranging physiologic effects in the body dependent on where they are produced; target cells are in the immediate vicinity of their secretion |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | an autoimmune disorder, the most common cause of hypothyroidism |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | ADH deficiency characterized by production of large amounts of very dilute urine, typically caused by benign pituitary tumor |
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