Final Lab Exam- Anatomy and Physiology 2

Terms	Definitions
urinary system structures	ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
kidney structures	renal capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal column, renal pyramid, renal papilla, major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, renal artery, renal vein
nephron structures	renal corpuscle: glomerulus, glomerular capsule, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop (loop of Hele): descending loop, ascending loop, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting duct (CD)
urine	waste products that move out of the kidneys through the ureters and get stored in the urinary bladder
involved in the kidneys	maintenance of homeostasis
urinalysis	analysis of urine, determines composition of extracellular fluid and the state of kidney function
urechrome	normal yellow color (product of hemoglobin breakdown)
urine color: normal	colorless, pale yellow, dark yellow
urine color: dark yellow (cause)	dehydration, carrots, vitamins A, C, & B
urine color: normal or abnormal	amber/orange, yellow-green, green/blue-green, pink/red
urine color: abnormal	brown/black
urine color: amber/orange (cause)	bilirubin (bile duct blockage), carrots, vitamins A & C, riboflavin
urine color: yellow-green (cause)	bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
urine color: green/blue-green (cause)	pseudomonas (bacterial) infection, chlorophyll-containing foods
urine color: pink/red (cause)	red blood cells/hemoglobin (tissue damage), myoglobin (muscle damage [large amounts can cause kidney failure]), beets, blackberries, rhubarb
myoglobin	oxygen-carrier in muscle tissue
urine color: brown/black (cause)	heavy bleeding, hemoglobin oxidized to methemoglobin, myoglobin
appearance: normal	clear
appearance: normal or abnormal	slightly cloudy, cloudy, turbid
urobilinogen test: normal	less than 1 mg/dl
glucose test: normal	negative
ketones test: normal	negative
bilirubin test: normal	negative
protein test: normal	negative (0-8 mg/dl)
nitrite test: normal	negative
leukocytes test: normal	negative
blood/hemoglobin test: normal	negative
pH test: normal	4.5-8.0
specific gravity test: normal	1.001-1.028 g/ml
urobilinogen test: abnormal	more than 1 mg/dl
glucose test: abnormal	positive
ketones test: abnormal	positive
bilirubin test: abnormal	positive
protein test: abnormal	above 8 mg/dl
nitrite test: abnormal	positive
leukocytes test: abnormal	positive
blood/hemoglobin test: abnormal	positive
pH test: abnormal	acidic (below 4.5), alkaline (above 8.0)
specific gravity test: abnormal	above 1.028 g/ml, below 1.001 g/ml
urine sediment	microscopic particles present in a sample of urine (another component of urinalysis)
urinalysis strip	tests color of urine
digestive system stages	ingestion, digestion, absorption, defecation
oral cavity to anus	oral cavity, lips, palate, tongue, pharynx, teeth: incisors, canines, premolars (bicuspids), molars, salivary glands: parotid glands, sublingual gland, submandibular gland, esophagus
stomach	cardiac region, fundic region, body, gastric rugae, pyloric region: pyloric (gastroduodenal) sphincter, pylorus
liver	falciform ligament, left lobe, right lobe, quadrate lobe, hepatic portal vein, proper hepatic artery, hepatic ducts (left and right), common hepatic duct
gallbladder and pancreas	gall bladder: cystic duct, bilde duct; pancreas: pancreatic duct
small intestine	duodenum, jejunum, ileum
large intestine	cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter
fecal pig
number of liver lobes	4 lobes
liver function	secretes bile
bile function	aids in fat digestion
how food moves along esophagus	peristalsis
peristalsis	constriction and relaxation of muscles in esophagus
helps in activation of pepsinogen in the stomach	hydrochloric acid
structural parts of small intestine	duodenum, jejunum, ileum
important process of large intestine	reabsorbs water and electrolytes and transforms it to feces
end of cecum	appendix
pathway after the rectum	anal canal and internal and external anal sphincter
secreted by pancreas	pancreatic juice
ingredients of pancreatic juice	alkaline mixture of water, enzymes, zymogens, sodium bicarbonate, other electrolytes
alkaline	a pH base
zymogens	in active enzymes
triglycerides	fat
function of the spleen	controls blood volume
hydrolysis	enzymes add water to a large molecule, to split the molecule into smaller pieces so that the body can absorb it into the blood stream
lock and key theory	a substrate fits into its enzyme just like a key fits a lock
catalyse activity reaction rate: fresh liver and H2O2	quick reaction (5)
catalyse activity reaction rate: boiled liver and H202	no reaction
catalyse activity reaction rate: fresh liver and H202 and HCl	little reaction (1)
H202	hydrogen peroxide
HCl	hydrochloric acid
what HCl does to pH	it lowers pH
effects enzyme when livers is boiled	catalase is denatured
catalase: define	common enzyme fond in nearly all living organisms
catalase: function	catalyzes decomposition of H202 to become water and oxygen
gametes: define	haploids (half of chromosomes)
zygote: define	diploid cell
meiosis: define	production of haploids
mitosis: define	male and female gamete fuse to form a zygote
pathway of developing "baby"	zygote > embryo > fetus
male reproductive system	scrotum, testis, seminiferous tubules, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens: ampulla, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urthra, penis: glans of penis, prepuce
female reproductive system	mons pubis, labium majus, labium minus, clitoris, urethra, vagina, cervix, ovary
female reproductive system	uterus: body, fundus, endometrium, myometrium, uterine tube: infundibulum, fimbriae, ampulla, isthmus
female reproductive system with fetus	placenta, amnion, amniotic fluid, chorion, uterus, umbilical cord
graafian follicle
testis
epididymis
vasectomy: define	severs the ductus (vas) deferens
tubal ligation: define	uterine tubes are cut
spermatogenesis: define	production of sperm
oogenesis: define	production of eggs
stages of mitosis	prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis
mitosis: prophase	dark purple blob in middle
mitosis: metaphase	blob lines up
mitosis: anaphase	two purple lines and spindle fibers in between
mitosis: telophase/cytokinesis	cleavage in between cells
mitosis: prophase
mitosis: metaphase
mitosis: anaphase
mitosis: telophase/cytokinesis
mitosis	chromosomes genetic makeup does not change and the end result are only two daughter cells
meiosis	chromosomes of each homologous pair join and exchange portions of DNA (creating a new combination of genes) and 4 daughters cells are produced
meiosis: male lifetime	birth to death
meiosis I: female lifetime	starts at birth and every month until menopause
meiosis II: female lifetime	after egg is fertilized
# of viable cells produced: female	1
# of viable cells produced: male	4
mitosis: diploid/haploid #	starts with a diploid, ends with a diploid
meiosis: diploid/haploid #	starts with a diploid, ends with a haploid (i.e. start with 6, end with 3)
meiosis I/II