breast
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 who published the first paper on breast ultrasound and when? | John Wild in 1951 |
| what is the location of the breast? | anterior to the pectoralis major and the 6th rib, bounded medially by the sternum and bordered laterally by the axilla |
| what is the anatomy of the surface of the breast? | nipple and areola |
| how does the breast appear sonographically? | divided into 3 layers between the skin and chest wall--subcutaneous, mammary, and retromammary layers |
| what is the subcutaneous layer? | skin and all subcutaneous fat |
| what is the mammary layer? | glandular tissues, ducts, and connective tissue |
| what is the retromammary layer? | retromammary fat, muscle, deep connective tissue |
| anatomically, what is the breast composed of? | parenchyma and stroma |
| what is the breast parenchyma? | lobes, lobules, ducts, and acini |
| what the breast stroma? | connective tissue and fat |
| what are the lobes of the breast? | normal breast is composed of 15 to 20 lobes separated by adipose tissue--each lobe has an external drainage pathway into the nipple |
| what are the breast lobules? | the lobes are divided into lobules which contain acini |
| what are the acini? | milk producing glands |
| what are coopers ligaments? | suspensory ligaments that support the breast tissue, which run between each lobe from the deep muscle fascia to the skin surface |
| what is the vascular supply to the breast? | lateral thoracic arteries supply the main supply to breast (axillary artery)--subclavian, and thoracic aorta |
| what are the breast lymphatics | lymphatic drainage from all parts of the breast generally flow to the axillary lymph nodes |
| what type of tissue is breast tissue? | its a modified sweat gland |
| what is the function of the breast? | lactation--milk secretion and ejection |
| what controls the production of milk? | hormones produced within the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland |
| what does the hypothalamus produce? | prolactin inhibiting factor |
| what hormone stimulates milk production? | prolactin |
| what gland produces prolactin? | the anterior pituitary |
| what triggers the production of prolactin? | after the placenta has been expelled and the estrogen levels have declined, prolactin levels increase |
| what besides prolactin triggers lactation? | oxytocin produced by the pituitary |
| what triggers the production of oxytocin? | stimulation from infants suckling triggers production of oxytocin and causes contraction of the lactiferous ducts and lactation begins |
| what is the milk pathway in the breast? | acini--terminal duct--terminal duct lobar unit--lobules--lobes, lactiferous duct, ampulla, nipple |
| what stimulates breast to form in puberty? | estrogen from the ovaries before menses |
| what hormone triggers the breast to develop into its mature lobulated form? | progesterone influences formation of lobules |
| how do the breasts change during the monthly cycle? | they enlarge slightly during menstrual cycle due to water retention |
| what are breasts mainly composed of? | fibroglandular tissue |
| how does breast tissue change during pregnancy? | proliferation of ductal system and lobules |
| what are the changes that happen to the breast during menopause? | glandular tissue atrophies and breast becomes mainly composed of fatty tissue and ducts become ectatic |
| what is the % of fat to age after menopause? | age 50--40% fat, age 60--50% fat, age 80--100% fat |
| how does HRT affect natural aging process of breasts? | it delays involution of breast tissue |
| what are the three steps for routine breast cancer screening? | monthly self exam, regular clinical breast exams, screening mammography |
| what are the two main indications for breast us? | diagnostic and interventional imaging |
| what are some of the methods for describing breast lesion location? | 4 quadrants UI, UO, LI, LO----clock face radial: 3, 6, 9 oclock etc-----123 method of 1 near the nipple, 2 mid circle around, 3 outer circle around nipple----ABC method with A closest to nipple, B mid, C closest to chest wall |
| what position is CC in mammo | superior to inferior compression of the breast--equal to trv scan plane |
| where is the marker in a CC mammo? | at the lateral border of the breast of interest |
| how is lesion position described in a CC mammo? | as lateral or medial to the nipple |
| what is MLO in mammo? | medial to lateral compression of breast tissue from 30 to 60 degree oblique |
| how is the lesion location described in MLO mammo? | as superior or inferior to nipple |
| lesions found to be medial in CC mammo will appear____on MLO | slightly lower |
| lesions found to be lateral on CC view will appear____in MLO | slightly higher |
| what is MULD? | medial up, lateral down |
| lesions found in mammo must be: c | correlated in size, shape, density, position, and appearance in sonography |
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