Psychology Chapter 3
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 prototypes | a mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category |
| trial and error | keep trying until you stumble upon the correct solution. random guessing. ineffective. |
| algorithms | step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution |
| heuristics | rule of thumb. quicker than algorithms, but more error prone |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports out preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective |
| mental set | habitual way of solving a problem. this is how it worked last time, it should work now too. |
| functional fixiedness | tendency to view objects in their usual function. hinders the development of new and novel use of objects |
| representativeness heuristic | to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes |
| availability heuristics | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availabilty in our memory |
| framing effect | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
| motivation | getting a glass of water when you're thirsty going for a walk when youre worried or restless crying when youre hurt or upset |
| self serving bias | our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating out appearance, performance, and blunders |
| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
| openness -conventional --- original | o in ocean |
| conscientiousness - careful --- careless | C in O.C.E.A.N |
| extraversion - quite --- talkative | E in O.C.E.A.N |
| agreeable - irritable --- good natured | A in O.C.E.A.N |
| neuroticism - calm --- worrying | N in O.C.E.A.N |
| psycho sexual stages | stages development of our personality |
| oral stage | 0 to 18 months satisfaction via the mouth overcome dependency might be gullible or very sarcastic |
| anal stage | 18 to 36 months satisfactions via the bladder and bowel ability to control ones bladder control freak, stubborn, |
| phallic stage | 3 to 6 years old satisfaction via the genitals not sexuality |
| oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
| feminine oedipus attitude | penis envy cant have what mom has, so starts to like dad instead |
| latency stage | 6 years old to puberty dormant stage energy channeled to growing up |
| genital stage | puberty develops genuine love for others adults sexual satisfaction can relate to others |
| id | strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
| ego | mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
| defense mechanisms | tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality |
| repression | burying,removing from awareness |
| regression | retreat to an earlier psycho-sexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated becoming homesick when stressed |
| reaction formation | switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites in consciousness i love him becomes i hate him |
| displacement | diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a less threatening objects or person failed test, rather than yelling at instructor, yell at roommate instead |
| sublimation | expression of socially unacceptable impulses in socially acceptable ways |
| retrograde amnesia | cant remember past |
| anterograde amnesia | inability to form memories |
| sensory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| short term | activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
| long term | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" hippocampus |
| implicit memory | memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously riding a bike or playing an instrument |
| cerebellum | procedural |
| amyglada | emotional |
| encoding | automatic processing |
| retrieval | get memory out of storage |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of information |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units |
| visual encoding | the encoding of picture images |
| acoustic encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
| semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
| james lange theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli |
| james lange theory | Walking home, it's late... You hear footsteps behind you.. Your heart pounds, you begin to tremble.. You interpret your pounding heart as.... FEAR.. |
| cannon bard theory | cannon bard theory |
| cannon bard theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion |
| schacter singer two factor theory | Walking home, it's late... You hear footsteps behind you.. Your heart pounds, you begin to tremble.. You know that walking at night can be dangerous... Therefore you feel afraid... |
| Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory | Emotions have two components - a physiological event ( heart pounding) and a cognitive label (its dark) |
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