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piaget we achieve everything cognitavlly by the time we werre in early adulthood postformal thought belief in cognition past the formal operational stage, we continue to advance in cognition perry believed that in adulthood people do something called epistemic cognition adolescents like to think of things in an ideal sense and consistency adults like to think of things in a vague sense and contradictory epistemic cognition thinking about how we arrive at a thought or how we arieved at solving a particular problem dualistic thinking in epistemic cognition and younger students, thought that things are either right or wrong relativistic thinking in epistemic cognition and older students, dont go back to dualistic thinking, thinking of things in a more broad way, realizing problems arent always yes or no or wrong or right, knowing that their is an in-between indiciduals who think dualistically also tend to think that knowledge consists of separare units; things are black and white-good or bad, right and wrong-professor and poet. also like to have certain information and values are right or wrong. more likely to go along with authority relativistic thinking tend to think that knowledge is not separate units;it is a framework. diversity of opinions,no absolute truth, subjective beliefs, more diverse thinking. people commit to relativistic thinking usually after college age (sophisticated level of thinking) [college is needed to develop this type of thinking] Gisella Labouvie-Vief formed the idea that adolescents work more on hypothesis (because they do not have as much experience as adults [test things to learn] and do not have all the answers yet) but adults are more pragmatic (logical) in thinking [because they have more real world experience] Cognitive-Affective Complexity the ability to understand our emotions that go along with what thoughts we have and being more aware of why we do certain things;also helps us problem solve expertise acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field (takes many years, affects info processing) Novice (without expertise) trial and error expert plan ahead and analyze problem crystallization commitment to career choice in realistic period fantasy period Childhood Glamour, familiarity, excitement tentitive period 11-16 Interests, abilities, values realistic period 19-25 Exploration personality types and vocational choice investigative, social (teacher, wedding planner), realistic (mechanics, beauty school), artistic, conventional (business), enterprising (donald trump, dominating buissiness type professions) Erikson stage during young adulthood intimacy vs. isolation intimacy relationships involve commitment, giving up some independence, identity is important, affects friendships parenting and work, prepares for the next stage isolation lonely or self-absorbed, hesitant to form close ties, fears identity loss, threatened by closeness Levinson stage theory was based on men only, called seasons of life early adulthood transition in levinson's seasons 17-22, men have dreams to have a good career and acieve things..females dream to get married and have children. males pick a mentor to help them with their career development age 30 transition in levinson's seasons reevalute life structure, singles vs. married, often focus on underdeveloped aspects social clock age graded expectations for life events, less rigid than in earlier generations women look for in a mate intelligence, ambition, financials, morals men look for in a mate attractiveness, domestic skills secure attachment in romantic relationship comfortable with intimacy, unafraid of abandonment (trust happiness, friendship) avoidant attachment in romantic relationship stress independence,mistrust,anxiety about closeeness (jealousy,eotional distancce,little physical pleasure) resistant attachment in romantic relationship seek quick love,complete merging (jealousy, desperation,emotional highs and lows) sternbergs triangular love theory consummate love, romantic love, companionate love, infatuation, fatuous love, empty love, liking consumate love best (intamacy passion and commitment) romantic love passion & intimacy infatuation passion fatuos love passion and commitment empy love commitment companion intamacy and commitming liking intimacy friendships in early adulthood similar age, sex, siblings family life cycle starts in early adulthood:leaving home, joining families in marriage, parenthood. middle adulthood:launching children, late adulthood: retirement, losing spouse traditional marriage clear division of roles. women cares for husband children and home. man head of household and economic support egalitarian marriage partners relate as equals, share authority, balence attention to jobs,children,home,and spouse