| Term | Definition |
|---|
| economies of scale | cheap products = more sold |
| assembly line production | workers performed a single task repetitively |
| vertical integration | control of all facets of production |
| holding company | a central organization that owns the controlling interest in the production of raw materials, the means of transporting the material to a factory, the factory itself, and the distribution network for selling the product |
| monopoly | a complete control of an entire industry |
| horizontal integration | control of a business process (ex: trusts) |
| Sherman Antitrust Act (of 1890) | the law that forbid any organization that restrained trade; the Supreme Court ruled that trade unions violated this law while the sugar trust (98%) didn't |
| Andrew Carnegie | founder of the Carnegie Steel Company |
| Social Darwinism | the idea that certain people are inherently superior to others |
| Gospel of Wealth | the idea that the concentration of wealth among a few is natural and the most efficient result of capitalism |
| political boss(es) | corrupt politicians that offered services to the poor in exchange for their votes |
| political machine(s) | organizations of political bosses |
| Haymarket Square Riot (1886) | a bomb exploded in Chicago and was blamed on the Knights of Labor |
| American Federation of Labor | a labor union that concentrated on "bread and butter" issues: wages and work days while avoiding politics |
| trade union | a union consisting of people from one trade |
| Jane Addams | the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes |
| yellow journalism | sensational reporting |
| crop lien system | the method by which sharecroppers rented land; it kept them perpetually in debt |
| Jim Crow laws | racist laws against blacks in the south |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | a Supreme Court ruling that segregration was fine as long as facilities were equal |
| Booker T. Washington | a black southerner that believed that economic independence rather than integration was the best course for blacks to follow; founded the Tuskegee Institute |
| Little Big Horn | the battle in which George Custer was killed by Indians |
| Morrill Land Grant Act | a law that gave land and money for agricultural colleges |
| Dawes Severalty Act | a law that gave land to Indians who left reservations; it tried to speed up assimilation |
| Interstate Commerce Act | a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices |
| Pendleton Act | a law that created the Civil Service Commission |
| Civil Service Commission | this body oversaw examinations for government employees in order to prevent against patronage |
| silver | western miners, southern and midwestern farmers supported the use of this metal |
| Grange Movement | a movement that started out as cooperatives (buying and selling as a group) and represented the issues of farmers |
| Farmers' Alliance(s) | a group that replaced the Grange Movement; became the Populists |
| Populist | third party that supported govt ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of US senators, and shorter workdays |
| William H. Seward | Johnson's and Lincoln's secretary of state; bought Alaska |
| Alfred Mahan | wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History |
| Maine | a warship that exploded in the Havana harbor |
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