Chapter 20 quiz
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39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 beta lactam ring | what common structural unit do all penicillins have? |
| G and V | What are the two types of natural penicillins? |
| G | which natural penicillin is unstable in stomach acid and is usually used with procaine or benzathine? |
| V | which natural penicillin is stable in stomach acid? |
| G | which natural penicillin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic for Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and some spirochetes? |
| Antistaphylococcals | Which synthetic penicillin is penicillinase resistant? |
| methicillin | which synthetic penicillin are some forms of staphylococcus aureus resistant to? (MRSA) |
| Ampicillin | What is a common extended spectrum penicillin against gram negative bacteria? |
| natural penicillins | penicillins extracted from cultures of the mold Penicillium |
| Penicillin G | the prototype compound of all penicillins |
| carbapenems | a class of B-lactam antibiotics that substitute a carbon atom for a sulfur atom and add a double bond to the penicillin nucelus |
| carbapenems | inhibit cell wall synthesis and have an extremely broad spectrum of activity |
| cephalosporins | similar in structure to beta-lactam rings in structure and action and inhibit cell wall synthesis the same way penicillins do |
| first | generation of cephalosporins that have a relatively narrow spectrum of activity, primarily against gram-positive bacteria |
| second | generation of cephalosporins that have a more extended gram-negative spectrum |
| forth | generation of cephalosporins that have the most extended spectrum of activity and require injections |
| third | generation of cephalosporins that are the most active against gram-negative bacteria but most must be injected or taken orally |
| bacitracin | a polypeptide antibiotic effective primarily against gram-positive bacteria, inhibits cell wall synthesis |
| Vancomycin | a polypeptide antibiotic that has a very narrow spectrum of activity based on the inhibition of cell was synthesis |
| Vancomycin | considered the last line of antibiotic defense for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections that are resistant to other antibiotics |
| Isoniazid | a very effective synthetic antimicrobial drug against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids |
| Ethambutol | antimycobacterial antibiotic that is only effective against mycobacteria, inhibits the incorporation of mycolic acid into the cell wall |
| Protein synthesis inhibitors | drugs that prevent microbes from forming proteins |
| streptomycin | best known aminoglycoside, used as an alternative drug treatment of tuberculosis |
| aminoglycosides | drugs that can affect hearing by causing permanent damage to the auditory nerve and also damage to the kidneys |
| tetracyclines | used to treat tick-borne diseases and Mycoplasma pneumonia |
| macrollides | have a macrocyclic lactone ring, used against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus |
| Erythromycin | macrollide that cannot penetrate gram-negative cell walls; drug of choice for Legtionella pneumonia |
| Azithromycin | Macrollide used to treat respiratory infections |
| ketolides | new semisynthetic macrolides being developed to come with increasing resistance to other macrolides |
| Synercid | streptogramin combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin |
| streptogramins and oxazolidinones | two classes of antibiotics developed in response the vancomycin resistance |
| Polymixin B | a bactericidal antibiotic effective against gram-negative bacteria, used today only in topical treatment of superficial infections, inhibits plasma membrane synthesis |
| Rifampin | best known deravative of the rifamycin family of antibiotics, used in treatment of TB and leprosy |
| quinolone | synthetic drug that inhibits and enzyme needed for the replication of DNA |
| sumfonamides (sulfa drugs) | among the first synthetic antimicrobial drugs used to treat microbial diseases |
| TMP-SMZ (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole) | most widely used sulfa drug today (a combination) |
| synergism | drugs used in combination requiring a lower concentration or dosage |
| Amantadine | antiviral drug, inhibits uncoating, used in the treatment of influenza |
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