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gametogenesis making of sperm or ovum fertilization joining of sperm and ovum, form zygote mitosis one replication, one division, 2 diploid daughter cells meiosis one replication, 2 divisions, 4 haploid daughter cells crossing over/random separation of chromosomes in first division 2 ways that allow for genetic variability in gametogenesis spermatogenesis produces 4 spermatid that are all able to fertilize oogenesis produces 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies 23 number of chromosomes from each parent in zygote sperm determines sex of zygote genetics determine gonads and internal organs testosterone determines external genitalia scrotum contains testes, analogous to vulva spermatic cord connective tissue around testes for protection vas deferens leave from scrotum, around bladder, and into urethra inguinal canal opening where scrotum enters into abdomen human chorionic gonadotrophin causes decent of testes from abdomen testes analogous to ovaries, male gonads seminiferous tubules functional units where testosterone and sperm are produced sustentacular/sertoli cells help with maturation of sperm interstitial endocrinocytes/leydig cells around the outside of tubules, produce testosterone sperm male gamete of sex cell acrosome cap covering nucleus, enzymes that dissolve cell membrane of ovum head contains sperm genetic material middle piece right after head, contains some cytoplasm tail has flagellum to allow movement of sperm in fallopian tube 30 million amount of sperm produced per day accessory ducts/mostly epididymis where maturation of sperm takes place 60 days length of time for sperm to mature epididymis where sperm mature ductus deferens/vas deferens sperm leave from epididymis and enter into spermatic cord ejaculatory ducts outpouching of vas deferens, holds sperm and when ejaculation occurs allows them to go into urethra seminal vesicles joins ejaculatory duct prostate gland secretions go into urethra bulbourethral/cowper's glands duct goes into urethra semen sperm plus secretion of accessory glands Y semen with high sperm counts contain more ____ 300-500 million number of sperm that live in female tract for 3 days 20-30 million number of sperm considered sterile 3-4 ml volume of an ejaculation 90% how much of ejaculate is water fructose provides nourishment in semen phospholipids help sperm w/ motility derivatives of ammonia create odor of semen prostaglandins semen contains highest concentration of ______ in body penis analogous to clitoris erectile/vascular tissue location of three cylindrical strands, made of vascular sinusoids or cavities corpus cavernous 2 large areas of erectile tissue corpus spongiosum erectile tissue surrounding urethra smegma secretions can collect under foreskin circumcision prevents collection of secretions under foreskin prepuce another name for foreskin gonadotrophin releasing hormone released from hypothalamus and leads to FSH and LH secretions follicular stimulating hormone affects sustentacular cells of testes, come from anterior pituitary, produce inhibin inhibin negative feedback on FSH luteinizing hormone stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone, come from anterior pituitary ovaries analogous to testes ovarian ligaments hold ovaries to uterus suspensory ligaments come from abdominal cavities, where blood supply comes into ovaries medulla contains blood supply cortex outer aspect w/ functional unit follicle/corpus luteum functional unit of female reproductive system estrogen production begins on first day of menstruation, produced by outer theca cells oogenesis ovum maturation ovulation ovum leaves ovary, caught by fimbriae of fallopian tube corpus luteum temporary endocrine gland that produces estrogen and progesterone for 2 weeks fertilization signal to keep production going and maintain corpus luteum no fertilization corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans fimbriae fingers that pick up ovary peristalsis smooth muscle contraction to move ovum through fallopian tubes uterus usually flops over bladder (anteverted) broad and round ligaments attach uterus to wall of abdomen fundus top of uterus body middle of uterus cervix neck of uterus serosa outer connective tissue of uterus myometrium thick smooth muscle of uterus endometrium builds up every month in preparation for implantation stratum basilis base layer of stem cells stratum functionalis built up layer that is lost in menstruation vulva womb covering, external genitalia mons pubis anterior fat pad labia majores analogous to scrotum, outer skin layer labia minora inner skin layer foreskin/prepuce covers clitoris clitoris analogous to penis, erectile tissue breast on top of pectoralis major ducts go from exocrine glands to nipple nipples breast erectile tissue fat determines size of breasts estrogen and progesterone increase during pregnancy prolactin milk production, anterior pituitary oxytocin contraction of uterus and flow of milk from ducts to nipples (posterior pituitary) menopause caused by gradual atrophy of ovaries with age erection arterial dilation of erectile tissue, filling with blood parasympathetics erection spinal reflex sympathetics spinal reflex for secretion sympathetics and somatic fibers spinal reflex for ejaculation hypothalamus/limbic systems pleasure centers for orgasm 72 hours viability of sperm 24 hours viability of ovum