23 March Lecture
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Created by:
kmcdaniel223 on April 19, 2011
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are neuroglia? | -supportive cells located in the nervous system -protect the neurons and aid their function -bind neurons together -guide young neurons to their destination in the fetus -prevent neurons from contacting each other except at points specialized for signal transmission |
| Does nerve tissue contain more neurons or more glial cells? How much more? | -contains more glial cells -neurons are outnumbered as much as 50 to 1 by glial cells |
| What are the six basic types of glial cells? | -astrocytes -ependymal cells -microglia -oligodendrocytes -schwann cells -satellite cells |
| Where are astrocytes found? What is their shape? What is their role? | -found in the CNS -somewhat starlike shape -most abundant glial cells -cover the entire brain surface -have the most diverse functions of any glia: form a supportive framework, form blood-brain barrier, convert blood glucose to lactate, secrete nerve growth factor, form scar tissue, regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid |
| Where are ependymal cells found? What is their shape? What is their role? | -found in the CNS -resemble a cuboidal epithelium -produce a significant fraction of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -help to circulate the CSF |
| Where are microglial cells found? What is their role? | -found in the CNS -small macrophates that wanter through the CNS -probe tissue for cellular debris and other problems |
| Where are oligodendrocytes found? What is their role? | -found in the CNS -wrap around nerves like electrical tape -insulate nerve fiber, speeding up signal conduction |
| Where are schwann cells found? What is their role? | -found in the PNS -envelop nerve fibers of the PNS -insulate nerve fiber, speeding up signal conduction -also assist in the regeneration of damaged fibers |
| Where are satellite cells found? What is their role? | -found in the PNS -surround somas in the ganglia -provide electrical insulation -regulate chemical environment of the neurons |
| Describe the distribution of gray and white matter in the spinal cord | -core of gray matter (cell bodies) -gray matter is surrounded by white matter |
| Describe the distribution of gray and white matter in the brain (of the cerebrum) | -inner core of gray matter (cell bodies) -inner core is surrounded by white matter -white matter is surrounded by an additional layer of gray matter |
| What is the additional layer of gray matter in the brain called? | -cerebral cortex |
| What are the two locations of gray matter in the brain? | -cortical gray matter -subcortical gray matter |
| Where is cortical gray matter located? | -outer layer of gray matter |
| Where is subcortical gray matter located? | -inner layer of gray matter |
| Which section of gray matter contains the five lobes of the brain (cerebrum)? | -the cortical gray matter |
| What are the three major portions that the brain is divided into? | -the cerebrum -the cerebellum -the brainstem |
| What does the cerebrum consist of? | -half globes called cerebral hemispheres |
| What are the five lobes of the brain (cerebrum)? | -frontal -parietal -occipital -temporal -insula |
| What is a nucleus in the CNS? | -a cluster of neuronal cell bodies |
| What is the relation of nuclei to the lobes of the cerebral cortex? | -cerebral cortex is composed of nuclei? |
| What is the cerebellum? | -region in the back of the brain -second largest region after the cerebrum -consists of right and left cerebellar hemispheres |
| What are the two parts of the cerebellum? | -the white matter -the gray matter |
| What is the white matter called? | -arbor vitae -"tree of life" |
| What is the gray matter called? | -folia -"leaves" that surround the arbor vitae |
| What are the portions of the subcortical gray matter? | -basal nuclei -limbic system -diencephalon |
| Where are the basal nuclei found? What is their role? How many basal nuclei are there? | -situated at the base of the forebrain, stronlgy connected with the cerebral cortex and thalamus -anatomists generally recognize three -associated with motor control and procedural learning |
| Why is basal "nuclei" a more accurate term than basal "ganglia"? | -because the basal nuclei are located in the CNS -(ganglia are cell bodies in the PNS) |
| What is the limbic system? | -center of emotion and learning |
| What are the major components of the limbic system? | -amygdala -hippocampus |
| What is the role of the amygdala? | -function in the process and memory of emotional reactions |
| What is the role of the hippocampus? | -functions in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation |
| What are the two major components of the diencephalon? | -thalamus -hypothalamus |
| What is the role of the thalamus? | -passageway for sensory input and other information going to the cerebrum -plays a key role in motor control -involved in the memory and emotional functions of the limbic system |
| What is the role of the hypothalamus? | -major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system -plays an essential role in homeostatic regulation |
| What is gray matter in the spine organized into? | -horns |
| What are the 3 horns that are found in the spinal corn? | -dorsal gray horn -lateral gray horn -ventral gray horn |
| What does the dorsal gray horn contain? | -cell bodies of interneurons |
| What does the lateral gray horn contain? | -cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons |
| What does the ventral gray horn contain? | -cell bodies of somatic motor neurons |
| Which gray horn region contains nuclei whose axons end in varicosities? | -lateral gray horn |
| Which gray horn region contains nuclei whose axons synapse at NMJs? | -ventral gray horn region |
| Which gray horn region contains the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons? | -ventral gray horn region |
| Which gray horn region contains the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons? | -lateral gray horn region |
| What are the three tracts located in the brain? | -commisural tracts -association tracts -projection tracts |
| What is the role of the commisural tracts? | -to connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain (cerebrum) |
| What do the great majority of commisural fibers pass through? | -corpus callosum |
| What is the role of the corpus callosum? | -facilitates interhemispheric communication -connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres -the largest white matter structure in the brain |
| What is the role of association tracts? | -facilitates intrahemispheric communication -interconnect regions of gray matter in the same hemisphere |
| What is the role of projection tracts? | -facilitate communication between higher and lower parts of the brain |
| What is white matter in the spinal cord composed of? | -tracts -(bundles of axons) |
| What are the two parts of the white matter of the spinal cord? | -ascending tracts -descending tracts |
| What is the role of ascending tracts? | -send sensory information to the brain |
| What is the role of descending tracts? | -send motor information to the effector organs |
| What is the role of the thalamus? | -sensory relay station |
| What type of tracts is the thalamus associated with? | -ascending tracts |
| What is the relationship between ascending tracts and the thalamus? | -ascending tracts synapse with interneurons at the thalamus |
| What does the thalamus do when signals are received from the ascending tracts? | -interpret the signals |
| What two properties of incoming signals does the thalamus interpret? | -signal location -signal strength |
| What does the thalamus do after the signal is interpreted? | -decides where in the higher brain regions information is going to be sent |
| What are regions of tracts called? | -columns |
| What three different types of columns are there? | -dorsal columns -ventral columns -lateral columns |
| Tract naming: what is the first component of a tract name? | -region of the spinal cord where the tract is found -for example: ventral, dorsal, or lateral |
| Tract naming: what is the second component of a tract name? | -region where the tract begins (either in the brain or spinal cord) -for example: "cortico," "reticulo," "vestibulo," "spino," etc. |
| Tract naming: what is the third component of a tract name? | -region where the tract ends (either in the brain or spinal cord) -for example: "cortico," "reticulo," "vestibulo," "spino," etc. |
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