Ch. 12 - Cardiovascular System
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Created by:
NKolczynski on April 20, 2011
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Anatomy and Physiology, Wright, 2012, Medical Terminology 101, Anatomy & Physiology Survival!, ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW! DUN DUN DUN!, Mr. Joiner's Period 1 A & P, Mr. Joiner's Period 5 A & P (see more)
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 electrolyte | chemical element that carries a positive or negative charge and conducts electricity; a positive charge creates an acid, a negative charge creates a base |
| thoracic cavity | chest cavity, contains the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart and major blood vessels |
| pericardium | the double serous membrane, or sac, that covers the heart and contains a lubricating fluid to reduce friction when the heart beats |
| myocardium | middle and thickest layer of heart, made of cardiac muscle which pumps blood |
| endocardium | smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the heart and blood vessels, allowing blood to flow smoothly |
| septum | partitioning wall that divides the right and left atria (interatrial), and the right and left ventricles (interventricular) |
| ventricles | two lower chambers of the heart |
| atria | two upper chambers of the heart |
| atrioventricular (AV) valves | valves located between the atria and ventricles |
| tricuspid valve | AV valve on the right side of the heart |
| bicuspid valve | AV valve on the left side of the heart; also called the mitral valve |
| semilunar valves | valves located between the ventricles and the vessels where blood leaves the heart, include the pulmonary and aortic valves |
| artery | carries blood away from the heart |
| vein | carries blood back to the heart |
| capillary | a microscopic vessel that carries blood between the arterial and venous vessels |
| formed elements | cellular parts of the blood, including red and white cells and platelets |
| plasma | clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood, it is about 90% water and 10% proteins that help fight infection and aid clotting |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell (RBC), lives for 90-120 days before being replaced through hemopoesis |
| hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) | an iron-containing red pigment protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| leukocyte | white blood cell (WBC), fights infection, lives for about 9 days |
| platelet | blood cell fragment, does not contain a nucleus, lives 5-9 days, help form clots; also called a thrombocyte |
| arterioles | smaller branches of arteries |
| venules | smaller branches of veins |
| carotid arteries | large arteries on each side of the neck that deliver blood from the heart to the head |
| jugular veins | large veins on each side of the neck that take blood from the head to the heart |
| superior vena cava | large vein that brings blood from the head, neck, chest, and upper extremities to the right atrium |
| inferior vena cava | large vein that brings blood from the trunk, organs, abdomen, pelvic region, and lower extremities to the right atrium |
| systole | heart contractions during the cardiac cycle |
| diastole | resting period between contractions, it is when the heart fills with blood |
| pulmonary circulation | the process of circulating blood through the lungs; it is the only time arteries carry deoxygenated blood and veins carry oxygenated blood |
| pulse | the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries due to the opening and closing of the aortic valve |
| systemic circulation | the process of pumping blood throughout the entire body, except for the lungs |
| aorta | the largest artery in the body, arises from the left ventricle and is the central conduit from the heart to the body |
| anastomoses | connections of blood vessels |
| angiogram | an x-ray after a dye has been injected in the blood to visulaize blood flow and detect narrowing of vessels |
| congestive heart failure | potentially fatal condition, the inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood, caused by CAD or hypertension |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | insufficient blood flow to heart tissue, usually due to atherosclerosis or clots; usually treated with angioplasty, stents, or coronary bypass surgery |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | "heart attack" in which there is blockage to the heart muscles causing necrosis (tissue death), which cannot be repaired |
| angina pectoris | sudden attacks of chest pain caused by lack of oxygen to the heart, due to inadequate blood flow, signals an impending MI |
| atherosclerosis | common type of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) in which fatty deposits, called plaque, build up on the inner lining of blood vessels, reducing blood flow |
| arrhythmia | an irregularity or loss of rhythm in the cardiac conduction system |
| polycythemia | overproduction of red blood cells, causing thickness of blood and making the heart work harder to pump |
| anemia | less than normal number of red blood cells or abnormal or deficient hemoglobin, presenting with fatigue, shortness of breath, paleness and rapid heart rate |
| leukemia | abnormal increase in the number of WBC's, making them immature and ineffective in fighting disease, presenting with fatigue, anemia, bleeding gums, excessive bruising |
| hemophilia | inherited blood conditions that prohibit or slow down the blood's ability to clot, or coagulate |
| thrombus | blood clot, AKA thrombosis |
| embolus | a floating thrombus, can cause problems and even death if it becomes lodged and blocks a vessel |
| aneurysm | localized weakened area of blood vessel wall which may balloon out and can rupture and cause hemorrhage |
| sickle cell disease | a condition in which the abnormal, crescent shaped RBC's which cannot pass smoothly through blood vessels and become clogged, causing painful episodes of sickle cell crisis |
| sphygmomanometer | an instrument used to measure blood pressure |
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