BIO269 - Reproduction - Females
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Created by:
gotjoosy on April 21, 2011
Subjects:
human anatomy & physiology ii, physiology, reproduction
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32 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 roles of the female in reproduction | production of egg + nutrition of the embryo |
| ___ eggs are present in a female newborn; ___ are left by puberty, and only ___ are released during her lifetime | 2M, 3-400,000, 400 |
| menopause | when a woman's follicles (egg surrounded by cell layers inside the ovary) degenerate around age 50 |
| Meiosis I | the production of 2 haploid cells from 1 diploid, moving from prophase 1 (genetic variation established via chromosomal crossover), metaphase 1 (homologous pairs move together and attach to microtubules), anaphase 1 (microtubule spindles shorten to pull homologous chromosomes apart), telophase 1 (the chromosomes arrive at the poles, cell divides) |
| Meiosis II | the production of 4 haploid cells from 2 haploid cells; prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II |
| control of female reproduction | gonadotropic hormones like estrogen (estradiol) and progesterone |
| oogenesis | egg production |
| oogenesis involves a change in ___ | ploidy |
| oogenesis stages | fetal, after puberty |
| oogenesis: fetal stage | the first eggs are 2n stem cells named oogonia that divide by mitosis to create 2n, primary oocytes, which undergo the first sage of meiosis I (prophase I), which is halted at birth |
| oogenesis: after puberty | once a month from puberty to menopause, one primary oocyte re-initiates and completes meiosis I, splitting into 2 haploids; one is non-viable and it stops here; the other goes into meiosis II to become the secondary oocyte, where it stops at metaphase II until fertilized |
| the ovarian cycle relates to | events happening in the ovary |
| the ovarian cycle is split into ___ phases: | 2: follicular (variable time, total days - 14) involving the development of the follicle and ends at ovulation; luteal (14 days) representing the development of the corpus luteal |
| the ovarian cycle's follicular phase | stage 1: primary oocyte is surrounded by a single squamous (flat) layer of cells, creating the primordial follicle; stage 2: the squamous layer of cells thickens, turning cuboidal but still one layer, creating the primary follicle; stages 3-5: stratification of the cuboidal layer to make multiple layers via mitosis, creating zona pellucida and theca folliculi; stage 6: antrum develops in the granulosa, transitioning from secondary to vesicular follicle and from primary to secondary oocyte and marking the start of meiosis II |
| zona pellucida | the layer of connective tissue immediately surrounding the primary oocyte in stages 3-5 |
| theca folliculi | the connective tissue layer surrounding the entire follicle, creating the secondary follicle in stages 3-5 |
| granulosa cells | cells surrounding the oocyte in stages 1-6 that, along with theca folliculi, secrete estrogen |
| antrum | a fluid filled space within the granulosa |
| ovarian cycle: luteal phase | stage 7: ovulation occurs when granulosa fuse with the membrane of the ovary to release the secondary oocyte to the ovaduct along with the zona pellucide and some granulosa, marking the start of metaphase II; stage 8: creation of the corpus luteum when remaining granulosa cells in ovary close over again, secretes high levels of progesterone and low levels of estrogen and sticks around for the first 8 weeks or pregnancy (embryogenesis); otherwise, stage 9: degenerates into the corpus albicans (scar tissue on ovary) over the following 10 days |
| corona radiata | the several-layers-thick granulosa released from the ovary with the oocyte |
| control of the ovarian cycle occurs through | varying levels of gonadotropic hormones |
| steps in the control of the ovarian cycle up until ovulation | 1. GnRH is released from the hypothalamus, targeting the anterior pituitary, which 2. releases 2 gonadotropic hormones (FSH + LH) to target primary oocyte to develop granulosa, which 3. at first secretes low levels of estrogen, which send a signal to down regulate GnRH and, consequently, FSH and LH 4. estrogen levels increase as granulosa thickens, and these high levels of estrogen cause a surge of GnRH (and thus a surge of FSH and LH) which causes the vesicular follicle to rupture and release the secondary oocyte (ovulation) |
| steps in the control of the ovarian cycle after ovulation | the corpus luteum releases high levels of progesterone and low levels of estrogen which do the same thing that low levels of estrogen did before, down regulate GnRH in teh luteal phase, causing LH and FSH to plummet |
| fluctuations in LH and FSH throughout the cycle | they are at their highest 1 day before ovulation, then go down again; FSH always lower than LH; once finished, excreted through renal system |
| fluctuations in estrogen throughout the cycle | during menses, estrogen decreases slightly; then, levels begin to increase slowly, peaking at the surge coming from theg ranulosa cells around day 14 (ovulation); after this, they decrease, then climb again for a second peak when corpus luteum releases low levels of estrogen again |
| fluctuations in progesterone throughout the cycle | from menses to ovulation, progesterone levels are almost at 0, then they spike up to peak when corpus luteum releases them in high levels, only to plummet after |
| the uterine cycle | each month, the wall of the uterus increases in thickness to prepare for a fertilized egg and, if this doesn't occur, each month the wall of the uterus peels off |
| the uterine cycle has ___ phases: | 3: menstrual, proliferative, secretory |
| menstrual phase of uterine cycle | during menstruation, the thickness of the uterine wall declines as it is shed; coincides with the primary follicle of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle |
| proliferative phase of the uterine cycle | afte rmenstruation, the wall starts to thicken, developing more vasculature to be able to supply the organ with more nutrients; coincides with the secondary follicle and vesicular follicle of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle |
| secretory phase of the uterine cycle | here, the wall continues to thicken, reaching peak thickness around day 23-25 before beginning to decline (unless fertilized) to prepare for menstruation again; coincides with ovulation and the luteal phase (corpus luteum and its degeneration into corpus albicans) |
| the egg has approximately __ days after ovulation to become fertilized because it takes ___ days to travel to the uterus; why? | 2; 7-9; this will birng it to the uterus by day 23-25, exactly when nutrient contents are at their prime; if it's early or late, the nutrients will be insufficient and the blastocyst might self-abort rather than implant |
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