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vicera all internal organs inside the abdominal cavity solid viscera maintain characteristic shape ( liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, kidney, ovaries, and uterus) hollow viscera shape depends on the contents (stomach, gallbladder, small intestines,colon, and bladder) spleen soft mass of lymphatic tissue on the psterolateral wall of the abdominal cavity, immediately under the diaphragm aorta descends behind the peritoneum and at 2 cm below the umbilicus, it bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries opposite the fourth lumbar vertebrae pancreas soft lobulated gland located behind the stomach. stretches obliquely across the posterior abdominal wall to the left upper quadrant kidneys retroperitoneal or posterior to the abdominal contents, protected by the posterior ribs and maasculate costovertebral angle the twelfth rib forms an angle with the vertebral column where the left kidney lies (11th and 12th rib) RUQ ( right upper quadrant) liver, gallbladder,duodenum,head of pancreas,right kidney and adrenal,hepatic flexure of colon,part of ascending and transverse colon RLQ (right lower quadrant) cecum,appendix,right ovary and tube,right ureter,right spermatic cord LUQ (left upper quadrant) stomach,spleen, left lobe of liver,body of pancreas,left kidney and adrenal,splenic flexure and colon,part of transverse and descending colon LLQ (left lower quadrant) part of descending colon,sigmoid colon,left ovary and tube,left ureter,left spermatic cord midline aorta,uterus (if enlarged), bladder (if distended) pyrosis a burning sensation in the esophagus and stomach, from reflux of gastric acid peptic ulcer disease occurs with frequent use of (NSAIDs) nonsteroidal-antiinflammatory drugs; alcohol,smoking, helicobacter pylori infection borborygmus growling stomach (hyperperistalsis) hepatomegaly liver enlargement; enlarged liver span positive spleen percussion sign a change from tympany to a dull sound with full inspiration (anterior axillary line) diastasis recti a separation of the rectus muscles with a visible bulge along the midline (common in black infants- disappears by childhood) epigastric hernia small, fatty nodule at epigastrium in midline, through the linea alba. you can feel it, palpable only when standing, not visible incisional hernia a bulge near an operative scar that may not show when person is supine but is apparent when the person increases abdominal pressure by sit- up, stand, valsalva's manuever