AP Language Glossary Terms Pg. 1009-1013

Terms	Definitions
Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.
Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or historic event.
Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.
Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of sucessive clauses.
Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event.
Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to the text.
Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.
Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.
Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.
Aphorism	Short, astute statement of a general truth.
Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a noun or pronoun.
Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.
Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence
Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, subject, and the audience.
Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. When supported by evidence it becomes and argument.
Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.
Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, and clauses.
Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through the author's tone.
Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or a piece of writing is addressed.
Authority	A reliable, respected source- someone with knowledge.
Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.
Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.
Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.
Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.
Colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language.
Common ground	shared beliefs, values, or positions.
Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Concession	A reluctant acknowledgement or yielding.
Connotation	That which is implied by the word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning.
Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.
Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and or but.
Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.
Credible	Worthy of belief; trustworthy
Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.
Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.
Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.
Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.
Dialectal journal	A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column.
Diction	Word choice.
Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.
Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.
Epigram	A brief witty statement.
Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.
Explication of text	Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all its constituent parts, including literary devices used also called close reading.
Facts	Information that is true or demonstrable.
Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.
Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.
Fragment	A word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence.
Hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, advices, calls to action.
Hortatory	urging, or strongly encouraging.
Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.
Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's sense (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)
Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.
Induction	Reasoning from a specific to general.
Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject. (variation of the subject-verb-object order)
Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action an result.
Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.
Logos	A Greek term that means "word"' an appeal to logic; of of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.
Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken as of though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.
Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.
Modifier	A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause.
Narration	Retelling an event or series of events.
Nominalization	Turning a verb or adjective into a noun.
Occasion	An aspect of context, the cause or reason for writing.
Omniscient narrator	An all-knowing, usually third-person narrator.
Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory statements.
Pacing	The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an ideal is presented.
Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.
Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.
Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another, use for comic effect or ridicule.
Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.
Periodic sentence	A sentence that builds towards and ends with the main clause.
Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.
Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.
Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.
Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of series of conjunctions.
Premise; major, minor	Two parts of syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premises and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded.
Pronoun	A word used to replace a noun or noun phrase
Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.
Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.
Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.
Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."
Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.
Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.
Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience.
Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something but actually argues against it.
Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.
Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions- such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.
Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patters to create a desired effect.
Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.
Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate and independent clause.
Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.
Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.
Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves a creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.
Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and the arrangement of words and figures of speech.
Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.
Subordinate clause	Created by a subordination conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.
Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.
Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise.
Syntax	Sentence structure.
Synthesize	Combining or bring together two or more elements to produce something more complex.
Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all the parts of the work refer.
Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a a work, may be explicit or implicit.
Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.
Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.
Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a non-literal way; also called a figure of speech.
Understatement	Lack of emphasis in statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.
Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.
Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs - often in different, sometimes incongruent ways- two or more words in a sentence

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AP Language Glossary Terms Pg. 1009-1013

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