Anthro Midterm 3
About this set
Created by:
alisonfranta on April 21, 2011
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
110 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Ethnocentrism | Belief one's own culture is superior to any other |
| Culture Relativism | Position that other cultures have intrinsic worth and can only be evaluated or understood in their own terms |
| Social Darwinism | Interprets conquest of an inferior society by a superior one as the result of the action of natural law |
| Evolutionism | Classify cultures into series of stages of development according to their relative complexity |
| Lewis Henry Morgan Theory | Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization |
| Savagery | Humans couldn't do anything, then use fire |
| Barbarism | Domestication of animals, cultivation |
| Civilization | Humans develop the alphabet |
| Edward B. Tylor Theory | Animism, Polytheism, Monotheism |
| Animism | Believe world is full of spirits |
| Polytheism | Believe in many gods |
| Monotheism | Believe in only one god |
| James Frazer Theory | Magic, Religion, and Science |
| Magic (In James Frazer context) | Try to control the world |
| Religion (In James Frazer context) | Comfort in religion |
| Science (In James Frazer context) | Master the world based on rational thinking |
| Terms of unilineal evolution | Stages, sequences, lower/higher, less advanced/more advanced |
| Emic | Seeing something from a native's point of view |
| Etic | Seeing something outside of natives point of view |
| Culture | Way members of society adapt to their environment and give meaning to their lives |
| Properties of Culture (7) | Shared, learned, symbolic, adaptive, integrated, transmitted cross-generationally, changes |
| Culture as sandpile (Conceptualization) | Composite of belief, folklore, material culture, kinship |
| Study Methods of Culture as a sandpile | Trait listing, inventory-taking, mapping |
| Believer in Culture as a Sandpile | Franz Boas |
| Culture as spider web (Conceptualization) | System, different parts are interrelated, major configuration with systematic character, overall structure/pattern |
| Main concepts of culture as a spider web | Enculteration, deviance, personality |
| Believer of culture as a spider web | Margaret Mead |
| Culture as Machine (Conceptualization) | Culture provides learned behaviors, cooperative patterns and social institutions that make need fulfillment possible |
| Believer in Culture as a Machine | Bronislaw Malinowski |
| Culture as living organism (Conceptualization) | To keep entire social system in a steady state or maintain social equilibrium |
| Believer in Culture as living organism | A.R. Radcliff-Brown |
| Problems with Culture as sandpile, spider web, machine, and living organism | -No role for human agency -Unable to deal with cultural change |
| Culture as octopus (Conceptualization) | Culture is systematic, admits diversity and contradictions within a culture |
| Believer of Culture as a octopus | Clifford Geertz |
| Culture as a Game (Conceptualization) | Culture serves as rules, tactics, and prize setting made by society members |
| Historical definition of culture | Social heritage, tradition, passed on future generations |
| Behavioral definition of culture | Shared, learned behavior, way of life |
| Functional definition of culture | Way humans solve problems of adapting environment |
| Normative definition of culture | Culture is ideas, values, or rules for living |
| Symbolic definition of culture | Culture based on assigned meanings that are shared by society |
| First generation anthropologist methods of ethnographic research | Recording, Description, Mapping |
| Structured interview | Specific questions (questionnaire) that collects demographic, economic, and genealogies of a group data |
| Unstructured Interview | Open-ended questions |
| Who personalized the idea of Participant Observation? | Bronislaw Malinowski |
| Basic Elements of Participant Observation (5) | Researcher must live close to people they study, interact with them on daily basis, stay for long period of time, learn group's language, write field notes of diary |
| Difficulties of fieldwork | Overcome entry barrier, developing a rapport, identifying reliable informants |
| Where did Bronislaw study? | Trobriand Islands |
| Who was a believer in functionalism? | Bronislaw Malinowski |
| What was an important aspect of the people on the Trobriand Islands | Magic |
| What was the Kula? | The exchange process between the Trobriand people where they exchange necklaces and bracelets |
| Cross cultural comparison steps (3) | Hypothesis, choose sample of societies and study ethnographies, analyze data statistically |
| Problems of Cross Cultural Comparison | Researcher's bias, isolation in sampling, examining data a-historically |
| Materialistics (3) | Anthropology is sciences, technology is most important cultural aspect, humans must adapt to conditions in natural environment |
| Focus of Materialistics | Similarities of different cultures |
| Idealists | Anthro is humanistic field, human needs can be satisfied in many ways, treat cultures like "texts" rather than things |
| Emphasis of Idealists | Uniqueness of culture |
| Meaning of Culture is a Text (3) | Culture is a text composed of symbols, anthropologist is the reader of the text, find causal relationship |
| Who promotes the dictionary method? | Idealists |
| What is the Dictionary method | Dictionary explains meanings of words in terms of other words, only if one knows the meaning of many words in a dictionary can they use it to decipher the meaning of unknown words |
| Sex | Observable physical characteristics that distinguish females and males |
| Gender | Cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex |
| Women's Gender Norms (2) | Motherhood, marriage |
| Men's Gender Norms (5) | Not being a sissy, successful, strong (self reliant), aggressive, be a stud |
| Agents of Gender Norms | Parents, mass medium, teachers, peers |
| What is Tourism? | Social practice that combines recreation with business |
| Who are tourists? | Travelers who value "life-style" more than occupation as basis of social status and self identity |
| What is a traveler? | Travel means work, trouble and torment |
| What is a tourist? | Travel's something to enjoy |
| What is the focus of industrial society? | Production, accumulation, work |
| What is the focus of Post industrial society? | Consumption and lifestyle |
| What makes tourism work? (5) | Leisure time, disposable income, travel ethic (motivation), commodification of culture, and modern technologies |
| What is the equation for Tourism? | Leisure+ Discretionary Income+ Motivations |
| Types of tourists? (3) | Organized, individual mass tourists, backpackers |
| What is an organized tourist? | Mass tourists (resorts and beaches) |
| What is an individual mass tourist? | Arrange own itinerary |
| Where does motivation to travel come from? | Authenticity, real experiences |
| Impacts of Mass tourism (4) | Forced to meet needs of tourists, dramatic and disruptive cultural change, dependency on tourists and industry, environmental damage |
| What should new tourists be? (4) | Sensible, sensitive, sophisticated, sustainable |
| What is globalization? | International movement of capital, people, and cultural ideas |
| What does it mean to not be globalized? | Fruits of globalization aren't shared (prosperity, travel, migration, technology, democracy) |
| What advancements were made in 1890-1914 globalization? | Telegraph, automobile, steamboat, airplane |
| Why do other scholars argue globalization took place in 16th century? | Started with the rise of capitalism |
| What was stage 1 of rise of capitalism (3) | Destruction of European feudalism, Creation of system of world trade, creation of colonies and slave based production |
| What is capitalism | Economic system dominated by supply-demand price mechanism called market |
| What is the key metaphor for capitalism? | Commodity (has to have price tag) |
| What is the modernization theory? | American model- political stability and economic prosperity |
| What is the path of the modernization theory? | Apply science and technology to mass production, rational management of resources, democratize social system |
| What did modernization theory create? | New hierarchies of social development (2nd world, 3rd world), it wasn't racist but ethnographic, and cultural imperialism |
| What is inequality? | Extent to which valued materials and social rewards are given disproportionately to individuals, families, and groups |
| What are the dimensions of social stratification? | Economic status/wealth, power status, prestige |
| What is class? | All people in a given society who have different degrees of wealth, power, and prestige |
| What is the functional theory of inequality? | If no reward, highly talented people will have no incentive to work hard. There should be differences in reward to those who are more successful |
| What is the conflict theory of inequality? | Stratification isn't beneficial to all society, only the elite who use wealth to influence the passing of laws thath benefit themselves |
| Who believed in the conflict theory of inequality? | Karl Marx |
| What is Marxism | School of social theory |
| What did Marx believe was the order of class struggle for humans? | Slavery- Feudalism- Capitalist- Communist |
| Cultural Relativism | PRactice of attempting to understand cultures within their contexts |
| Ethnography | Description of culture based on written records, interviews, and archaeology |
| Functionalists | Searched for cultural laws in relationships among kinships, religion, and politics |
| Sapir- Whorf hypothesis | Early 20th century, language plays critical role in way people understand the world because of the way we talk about it |
| Social differentiation | Access of individual and groups to basic material resources, wealth, power and prestige |
| Egalitarian societies | no individual is denied access to resources |
| What are bands? | Foragers, egalitarian, reciprocity |
| What are tribes? | Horticulturalists or herders, egalitarian, |
| What are chiefdoms? | Rank societies characterized by chief, redistribution, horticulturalists and herders |
| Neoliberalism | Series of political and economic policies promoting free trade, individual initiative, and minimum government regulation of economy |
| Who was a representative for cultural relativism? | Franz Boas |
| Ideology | System of meanings and values which are expression or projection of a particular group's interest |
| Role of Ideology (3) | Legitimizing existing order, mediating contradictions, mystifying sources of exploitation and inequality in society |
| Ideological Domination (3) | Common sense values, take-for-granted, consensus building |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.