Biology II- Genetics (cont.)
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Extranuclear genes | genes outside the nucleus; located in mitochondria and chloroplast |
| 1952 | Hershey and chase did an experiment on viruses where they could tell that DNA is the genetic material in cells and not protein |
| 1953 | Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins write about the structure of DNA; received the Nobel Prize in 1960 |
| Nucleic acid (DNA) | made form nucleotides which are constructed from phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous bases (A,T, G, C) |
| DNA | has a phosphate, sugar backbone double stranded rung shaped base, and is twisted into a helix strands held together by weak bonds of hydrogen bases |
| Bases are made of purines | 2 rings made of Adenine(A) and Guanine(G) |
| Bases are made of pyrimidines | 1 ring made of Thymine(T) and Cytosine(C) |
| Base pairings | A-T, G-C; 5 prime end has free phosphates; 3 prime end has sugar; replication is always ordered as '5' before '3' |
| DNA replication | DNA is unwound and replication happens in both directions; happens during the S phase |
| replication fork | DNA separation point |
| RNA polymerase | makes RNA molecules; protein involved in DNA replication |
| DNA polymerase | makes DNA molecules |
| Primase | makes primer; An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer. |
| Helicase | unwinds the double helix |
| Single strand binding | proteins that stabilize the unwound DNA |
| Anti parallel | the strands of DNA go in opposite directions; 5 prime end matches with 3 prime end |
| Primer formation | primase (RNA polymerase) makes a short strand of RNA primer to help the building of the DNA copy |
| Elongation | nucleoside triphosphate creates and attaches appropriate base by using DNA polymerase |
| Leading strand | the top strand of original DNA; a simple process of laying down a primer and DNA polymer which houses up appropriate nucleotides DNA is then built |
| Lagging strand | DNA strand built in the opposite direction it creates a section then leaps to the other end to finish |
| Onizaki fragments | has multiple primers to create DNA |
| After Elongation | the primers (RNA) is removed and replaced by DNA polymerase; gap left from RNA replacement so DNA ligase stitches the fragments together |
| DNA repair: Nuclease | removes damaged or incorrect nucleotide |
| DNA repair: DNA polymerase | replaces the removed and damaged DNA |
| DNA repair: DNA ligase | knits the new DNA to the existing DNA |
| Telomeres | non-coding DNA strands at the end of chromosomes( not part of gene) protects chromosomes from deterioration |
| Protein Synthesis | the change from genes(DNA) to proteins |
| Transcription: first step to Protein Synthesis | the making of a messenger RNA(mRNA) form a DNA template takes place in the nucleus and makes a pre-mRNA |
| Translation: second step to Protein Synthesis | makes a polypeptide chain from a mRNA template changes a nucleotide code into a polypeptide code takes place at the ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| polypeptide | a long chain of amino acids |
| Transcription and Translation | this mRNA processing makes the real mRNA |
| RNA bases | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil |
| Transcription makes | strands of RNA that are complementary to the DNA bases |
| RNA is translated from | codons(sequence of 3 nucleotides [Amino acid codes]) to amino acids |
| First stage: Transcription in prokaryotes-Initiation | Promoter-DNA sequence that signals the start of transcription RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, it then unwinds the DNA |
| Second stage: Transcription in prokaryotes- Elongation | RNA polymerase adds nucleotides (A, G, U, C); continues to unwind DNA; Builds the RNA in the 5 prime-3prime pattern; no primers are needed for the process; makes many mRNA's on one DNA strand |
| Last stage: Transcription in prokaryotes- Termination | the DNA sequence polymerase drops off, then the creation of the mRNA is done |
| Transcription in eukaryotes- Initiation | Transcription factors are necessary to RNA polymerase to bind to promoters i.e. TATA Box, Transcription Initiation Complex |
| TATA Box transition factor | DNA promoter sequence |
| Transcription Initiation Complex | RNA polymerase and Transcription factors attach to this |
| Transcription in eukaryotes- Elongation | has more than one type of RNA polymerase |
| Transcription in eukaryotes- Termination | polyadenylation signal- DNA sequence that ends transcription is code for many A's (adenines) in a row the RNA is cut from the polymerase and becomes pre-mRNA |
| RNA processing | alternations of the ends of the pre-mRNA 5prime end has '5' cap added for modified G nucleotide 3 prime end has a poly-A tail added to it; sometimes has hundreds of Adenine nucleotides |
| RNA splicing | the cut and paste of RNA molecules |
| RNA and DNA are non-coding | meaning they will not be translated to proteins |
| introns | non-coding RNA ends |
| exons | coded RNA ends |
| Alternative splicing | one gene can have a piece of many different polypeptides |
| mRNA | messenger RNA made during transcription and used during translation |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; has amino acid binding site on one end and anti-codon on the other end; brings amino acids to the polypeptide |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; makes up the ribosome |
| Aminoacyl tRNA synthase | the attachment of an amino acid to the RNA with the assistance of ATP and enzymes; is a tRNA wit an amino acid attached to it |
| Ribosomes | enzymes that have two sub-units; a large sub-unit and a small sub-unit; each has a binding site; the large and small sub-units stay separate until translation begins |
| Ribosome large sub-units | has three binding sites; A-aminoacyl tRNA, P-peptidyl tRNA, E-exit |
| Ribosomes small sub-unit | has a binding site fro mRNA |
| Translation- Initiation | the mRNA, tRNA, and both ribosomal units come together; creates a translation initiation complex |
| initiator tRNA | binds to a "start" codon (AUG) and always methionine |
| Translation- Elongation | amino acids are added to the mRNA chain one by one A new tRNA binds to the A-site of the ribosomal, the amino acid binds to the chain in the P-site, the tRNA moves to the next site, and the old tRNA is kicked off; this process goes in one direction |
| Translation- Termination | stop codon(UAG, UAA, or UGA) begins at this point; the release factor binds to the stop codons and the whole translation initiation complex falls apart |
| Modification to polypeptides | folding occurs; some things may be added or removed from the chain; some polypeptides are targeted for specific locations; polypeptide initiates binding of ribosomes to Rough ER; polypeptide then ends up in ER |
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