Public Health Midterm
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Created by:
JGrayRoberts on April 23, 2011
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159 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Attack Rate | the proportion of individuals in a given population which develop a disease during a specific time period |
| Bacteriostatic | preventing the growth of bacteria |
| Bactericidal | causing the death of live bacteria |
| Carrier | someone who can carry or transmit a disease to another person, but who is not experiencing any symptoms (ie "Typhoid Mary" |
| Cluster | a group of individuals with a specific disease which are very similar in their time and place of occurrence (or both) |
| Etiology | the specific cause of a disease in a population |
| Endemic | average or normal number of cases of a disease in a certain population |
| Epidemic | the level of disease in a certain population that exceeds the endemic level |
| Exposure | to contact or possess a characteristic which is believed to influence the risk of acquiring a specific disease |
| Fomite | an inanimate object that may carry a pathogen |
| Immunity | resistance to disease |
| Natural Active Immunity | the body produces its own antibodies; long lasting immunity |
| Passive Immunity | the body does not produce its own antibodies; short lasting |
| Natural Passive Immunity | passage of antibodies from mother to infant; protects the baby for about the first 6 months; a rich source of antibodies |
| Artificial Active Immunity | the introduction of an antigen that causes the formation of antibodies; aka inoculations (ie, polio) |
| Artificial Passive Immunity | antibodies from another person or animal that are injected into a human (ie tetanus) |
| Incidence Rate | total number of new cases |
| Incubation Period | the time between contact and demonstration of clinical evidence that a disease is present |
| Morbidity | state of illness |
| Morbidity Rate | the number of ill people |
| Mortality | death rate |
| Mortality Rate | the number of people dead |
| Odds | the probability that an event will or will not occur |
| Pathogonomics | the specific characteristics of a disease |
| Pandemic | the worldwide distribution of a disease |
| Prevalence Rate | the total number of cases of a disease, both old and new |
| Risk | the probability that an event will occur during a specific time frame |
| Surveillance | an ongoing observation of a population used to detect any rapid changes of occurrences of specific diseases |
| Survival | the probability of remaining alive for a specific amount of time after having been diagnosed with a particular disease |
| Susceptibility | no specific resistance to a disease |
| Validity | the extent to which a study correctly represents the characteristics of interest |
| Virulence | the degree of a pathogenicity of a microorganism |
| Vital Statistics | statistical application pertaining to the vital facts of human existence |
| Birth Rate | per 1000 of population |
| Death Rate | per 1000 of population |
| Specific Mortality Rate | number of deaths from a specific cause per 100,000 of a population |
| Infant Mortality | the single most important factor showing the health of a community; correlates closely to the availability of housing, clean water, literacy, and the ability to achieve economic development |
| "Health" as defined by the WHO | Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being. |
| Preventative Medicine | concentrates on keeping people well |
| Primary Prevention | prevention of disease/injury (ie, clean drinking water, bubble boy, etc.) |
| Secondary Prevention | early detection and proper treatment (ie irradication of smallpox) |
| Tertiary Prevention | rehabilitation from diseases |
| 3 Functions of Public Health Agencies | 1. assessment 2. policy development 3. assurance |
| "Early Detection; Early Response" | Dr. Larry Brilliant's key to the eradication of smallpox |
| Definition of Health according to the WHO | A state of complete physical, mental and social well being. |
| Assessment | systematic collection and analysis of available data that describes the health status of a community (macro scale) |
| micro scale | one Dr collecting data |
| Policy on Development | Based on scientific and technical knowledge along with public values and opinions. (case mgt plan, mgmt process) |
| Assurance | make sure goals are being met (outcomes assessment, did what was supposed to happen occur? How effective? Done periodically & not just at end of treatment) |
| Dept of Health & Human Services | controls the FDA |
| Food & Drug Administration (FDA) | responsible for the safety and regulating heath products and restricts the product misrepresentation in the health advertising and promotion |
| US Department of Agriculture (USDA) | responsible for milk & milk products |
| Center for Disease Control (CDC) | compiles statistics on mortality and morbidity, and also tracks epidemics |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | responsible for water purity and hazardous waste & air quality. |
| Epidemiology | refers to the study of the distribution and determinants of disease or conditions in a defined population. How and why do individuals become sick? |
| Science of Prediction | Modern epidemiology |
| Goals of Epidemiologist | ID factors that cause disease or disease transmission. Prevent the spread of communicable and non communicable disease and conditions |
| Epidemiologist | trained to ID and prevent diseases in a given population |
| Medical Doctor | trained to ID and treat diseases in an individual |
| An Epidemiologist studies the | variables of a disease within the population |
| Basic Scientist | studies disease within a lab setting working with one variable at a time |
| Descriptive Studies | are performed in order to explain acute outbreaks of a disease in relation to the variables of people, places and time |
| Analytic studies | do not prove cause and effect but generate hypotheses as to the causal relationships of the factors associated with the disease |
| Experimental studies | evaluate the developed theory as to the association between a factor and a disease |
| Infectious disease processes | viruses are encapsulated genetic materials of DNA or RNA. For a virus to infect a human it must first attach to a cell and then inject its genetic material inside the cell. Viruses are difficult to treat and cause destruction of cells resulting in permanent damage. Needs a reservoir. |
| Reservoir | A host where a biologic agent can propogate |
| Clinical case | symptomatic individuals that seek medical attention |
| Asymptomatic case | cause problems by infecting other individuals without them knowing that they are infected. |
| Carriers of the disease | people who spread disease without knowing they are infected |
| Carriers of disease | classified in four states |
| Subclinical case | individual never develops clinical symptoms of the disease |
| Incubatory case | the patient transmits the disease before becoming symptomatic |
| Convalescent case | patients are recovering from the disease however they are still able to infect other individuals |
| Chronic carrier | patients who develop chronic infections and transmit the infection for long periods of time |
| Portal of exit | a disease must have one in order to spread the disease to others |
| Portals of exit | respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, alimentary tract, skin, utero transmission |
| Direct transmission | where the host and reservoir are in close proximity |
| Direct contact transmission occurs from | skin to skin contact |
| indirect transmission | where the host and reservoir are separated |
| vector spread | transmission of an infectious agent by animate object (mosquito) |
| vehicle spread | transmission of an infectious agent by inanimate object (phone, airplane) |
| airborne spread | transmission by sneezing, talking, coughing (droplets) |
| Factors of resistance are: | Intact skin, good cough reflex, normal gastric juices, diarrhea, normal bacterial flora (in order) |
| The epidemiological triangle | states that for a disease to occur there must be a harmful agent which comes into contact with a susceptible host in the proper environment |
| Host factor | determinant of an individual's susceptibility to a disease and includes biological and social traits |
| age | one of the most important epidemiological factors in determining what disease a person acquires |
| Environmental factors determine what? | occurrence of a disease |
| physical factor | climate, temperature, moisture |
| biological factor | ability of an agent to overcome environmental hazards |
| social factor | diet, drug or alcohol use |
| Epidemics | outbreaks of disease which occur when the proportion of susceptible individuals is high and increase as the proportion of immune individuals decreases |
| Disease surveillance | refers to the process of determining the frequency at which a certain disease occurs in a community by collecting data |
| disease eradication | requires the total annihilation of the agent so the epidemiological triangle will never occur |
| vital statistics | the registration or recording of vital events such as births, deaths, fetal deaths, abortions, marriages and divorces |
| Certificate of live birth | must be certified by a doctor, midwife or designated person for unattended births |
| Certificate of live birth must contain... | time, place, date. age, race and sex of mother & father. information of the pregnancy medical risks, complications, congenital abnormalities |
| certificate of death | must be certified by a doctor, medical examiner, coroner or chiropractor (depends state by state) |
| certificate of death must include | time, place, date info about the deceased, address & occupation cause of death, immediate cause of death, underlying causes |
| ratio | the expression of the relationship between two items |
| proportion | expression of the relationship of one part to the whole |
| rate | expression of the probability of occurrence of a certain event |
| natality rate | measures rate of births per 1,000 |
| morbidity rate | measures rate of illness per 1,000 |
| mortality rate | measures rate of death per 1,000 |
| (YPLL) Years of potential lost life | quantitative measure of premature mortality |
| (PMR) proportionate mortality ratio | used to determine the relative importance of dying from a specific disease in relation to all the causes of death in the population |
| Time | refers to the date and in some cases the hour of disease onset. Some diseases have a periodicity which can be used to predict future behavior |
| Diseases with seasonal variation | Legionnaire's, Tularemia |
| Legionnaire's Disease | more common in Summer because it occurs in contaminated AC systems |
| Tularemia | a zoonotic disease common in winter months and is transmitted by ticks that live on rabbits |
| epidemic curves | describe the distribution of cases during short periods of time and can be helpful in determining the source of infection and its mode of transmission |
| person | refers to the characteristics which describe the host |
| place | refers to the specific geographic point or area and the features, factors or conditions which allow the disease to exist |
| the purpose of an investigation is to describe the ____________________ a disease outbreak occurred | how & why |
| To establish t hat an epidemic is occurring | look for unrecognized and unreported cases in surrounding hospitals determine the population at risk for the developing disease compare the incidence of disease in the population with previous time periods |
| Characterize the distribution of cases by | variables of time, place and person |
| Variable of time | allows construction of epidemic curve |
| variable of place | to detect a source of infection |
| variable of person | to examine the population at various angles |
| Develop a hypothesis to | adequately explain the distribution of existing cases |
| Semmelweiss | 1818-1865, handwashing and fresh H2O |
| Louis Pasteur | pasturization |
| John Snow | medical hygiene & anesthesia |
| Joseph Lister | asepsis (listerine) |
| Rudolph Virchow | father of modern pathology & microscopes |
| Conrad Rontgen | x-rays |
| Walter Reed | Yellow Fever |
| Alexander Flemming | Penicillin |
| Jonas Salk | Polio virus (dead) |
| Albert Sabin | Polio virus (live) |
| Lyme disease | Lyme, CT |
| Gap minder | Hans Rossling re: stats |
| Sick around the world (UK) % of GDP spent on health care | 8.3% |
| (UK) Average family premium | none - funded by taxation |
| (UK) Co-payments | none for most services, some for dental and eyes and 5% of Rx's. Young people and elderly are exempt from copays |
| (UK) Health system us | "socialized medicine" |
| (UK) drawbacks | long waiting period,limited choice |
| (Japan) %GDP spent on health care | 8% |
| (Japan) average family premiums | $280/month with employers paying more than half |
| (Japan) What is it | Social insurance system with those who cannot afford receiving pubic assistance |
| (Japan) Concerns | Spending too little on health care |
| (Germany) % of GDP spent on health care | 10.7% |
| (Germany) Avg family premiums | $750/month, premiums pegged to patients' income |
| (Germany) Copayments | $15/10 euros every three months, pregnant women exempt |
| (Germany) What is it | Social insurance model - birthplace of social insurance |
| (Germany) concerns | underpaid doctors, richest part of populous opts out for private insurance and gets quicker medical turnaround |
| (Taiwan) % GDP spent on health care | 6.3% |
| (Taiwan) Avg family premium | $650/year for a family of 4 |
| (taiwan) Co-payments | 20% cost of Rx's up to $6.50, $7 for outpatient care, $1.80 for traditional Chinese medicine and dental with exceptions for childbirth, preventative services, the poor, veterans and children |
| (Taiwan) what is it | national health insurance |
| (Switzerland) % GDP spent on health care | 11.6% |
| (Switzerland) Avg monthly premiums | $750 pd entirely by consumers |
| (Switzerland) Co pays | 10% the cost of services |
| (Switzerland) what is it | social insurance |
| (Switzerland) Concerns | second most expensive system in the world |
| national health insurance model | -matches US Medicare -payer:government run insurance programs collect taxes, set rates, and pays the bills -private health care providers |
| Out-of-pocket model | -matches health care for the uninsured in the U.S. -the rich get health care, the poor go without -no insurance or assistance from the government -most health care is paid out of pocket -rationing: only those who can pay get health care |
| Beveridge Model | -universal care -health care is provided and financed by the government, and paid for by taxes -no medical bills -health care providers are mostly government employees or government-run enterprises |
| Bismarck Model | Welfare; government regulation expected; taxes & personal money (Germany) |
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