Mr. Durdel's Chemistry 1st semester
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Created by:
jdurdel on November 14, 2008
Subjects:
chemistry, science, high school
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120 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 atom | smallest particle still retaining the chemical characteristics of an element |
| proton | positively charged particle of an atom |
| neutron | an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton |
| electron | a negatively charged particle |
| orbital | a three dimensional region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
| chemical | any substance that has a defined composition |
| chemistry | the science that deals with substances and with the changes that take place when they combine |
| chemical reaction | a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
| density | the amt of matter in a given space |
| electricity | This is a flow of electrons that creates a charge, one of the fundamental forms of energy. |
| volume | the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
| product | a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
| reactant | a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction |
| periodic table | a table of the elements arranged according to repeated changes in properties |
| Mendeleev | Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements (1834-1907) |
| period | horizontal row of the periodic table. |
| group | vertical row of the periodic table. |
| Alkali metals | Group 1, 1 electron in outer level, very reactive, soft, silver, shiny, low density; Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium |
| Alkali Earth Metals | an element in group 2, harder, higher melting point, and denser than alkali metals. Reactive, but less than corresponding alkali metal |
| Transition Metals | Groups 3-12, 1-2 electrons in the outer energy level, less reactive than alsali-earth metals, shiny, good conductor of thermal energy and electrical current, high density |
| Metalloids | a stairstep line that separates metals from nonmetals on the periodic table, has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals, all are solid at room temp, less malleable than metals but not as brittle as nonmetals, |
| Non-metals | right of the zigzag line, not malleable/ductile, not shiny, poor conductors |
| halogens | group 17; contains nonmetals; 7 electrons in its outermost energy level; very reactive; poor conductors of electric current; never in its uncombined form in nature; combine with most metals to form salts |
| Noble Gases | one of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table(helium, neon,argon, krypton, xenon, and radon); noble gases are unreactive |
| valence electrons | electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom |
| chemical bond | an interaction between electrons that holds two or more atoms together |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion |
| covalent bond | a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
| cation | a positively charged ion |
| anion | a negatively charged ion |
| ion | a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative) |
| crystal lattice | a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal |
| molecule | two or more atoms bonded together |
| compound | (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight |
| octet rule | States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons |
| salt | a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal) |
| lattice energy | the energy associated with constructing a crystal lattice relative to the energy of all constituent atoms separated by infinite distances. |
| unit cell | the smallest group of atoms or molecules whose repetition at regular intervals in three dimensions produces the lattices of a crystal |
| polyatomic ion | a group of covalently bonded atoms that carries a charge and acts as a unit |
| molecular orbital | an orbital resulting from the overlapping of atomic orbitals when two atoms combine |
| attract | unlike charges _________ each other. |
| repel | Particles with the same charge will ____ each other |
| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| nucleus | The very dense core of the atom that contains the neutrons and protons. |
| excited state | a state in which the electron of an atom has a higher potential energy |
| ground state | the lowest energy level occupied by an electron when an atom is in its most stable energy level |
| emission spectra | The wavelengths of radiation that is emitted by exited atoms when the electroms drop back down energy levels. |
| visible spectrum | The Range of Colors- "Roy G. Biv," Means Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet- It's in That Order. |
| electromagnetic spectrum | the total range of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma waves |
| Bohr | a Danish physicist (1885-1962); created a new atomic model; described electrons as moving around the nucleus in fixed orbits and having a set amount of energy |
| Rutherford | Discovered the nucleus of the atom |
| mass number | the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus |
| isotope | one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons |
| mendeleev | ...credited with developing the first successful periodic table. From gaps in his table, he predicted the existence of several elements and their properties. |
| gas | The state of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume is the state ____. |
| Under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure, the particles in a gas are... | very far from each other. |
| Chemical or Physical change? A leaf changing color? | Chemical |
| Chemical or Physical change? dissolved minerals solidify to form a crystal. | Physical |
| Chemical or Physical change? Ethanol is purified through distillation. | Physical |
| Chemical or Physical change? Salt deposits form from evaporated seawater. | Physical |
| Chemical or Physical change? Peach spoils. | Chemical |
| Chemical or Physical change? Copper bowl tarnishes. | Chemical |
| Chemical or Physical change? Bracelet turns your wrist green. | Chemical |
| Chemical or Physical change? Glue gun melts a glue stick. | Physical |
| Nitrogen monoxide and oxygen, both colorless gases, form a red-brown gas when mixed. Nitrogen monoxide and oxygen are called the.... | reactants |
| To calculate the density of an object, | divide its mass by its volume. |
| Pure substance or not? vitamin C (ascorbic acid). | pure substance |
| Pure substance or not? Seawater. | NOT |
| Pure substance or not? vinegar (5% acetic acid). | NOT |
| The energy that results from the breaking or formation of chemical bonds is... | chemical energy. |
| "In any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed" is a statement of the.... | law of conservation of energy. |
| Celcius to Kelvin | K=C+273 |
| According to Dalton's atomic theory, atoms... | of each element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. |
| If electrons in an atom have the lowest possible energies, the electrons are in their... | ground states. |
| For an electron in an atom to change from the ground state to an excited state, | energy must be absorbed. |
| The ORIGIONAL idea of arranging the elements in a table according to their chemical and physical properties is attributed to... | Newlands |
| In the compound sodium fluoride, NaF, the sodium atom loses one electron and the fluorine atom gains one electron to form ions that have electron configurations similar to.... | Neon |
| In many compounds, atoms of main-group elements form ions so that the number of electrons in the outermost energy levels (valence electrons) of each ion is... | 8 |
| Metals tend to form _______ions, and non-metals tend to form ___ions. | cations, anions |
| The elements of the _____ group satisfy the octet rule without forming compounds. | noble gas |
| An ion and its parent atom have the same... | atomic number |
| The energy released when a salt is formed from gaseous ions is called the... | lattice energy |
| The lattice energy is a measure of the ___ of an ionic. | strength |
| When ions are formed, can energy be released or absorbed? | Either |
| When an electron is added to an atom, energy is usually __________. | released |
| The melting points of ionic compounds are higher than the melting points of molecular compounds because attractive forces between ions are ________ than the attractive forces between molecules. | greater |
| Ionic compounds are brittle because the strong attractive forces... | hold the layers in relatively fixed positions. |
| In the NaCl crystal, each Na+ and Cl- ion has clustered around it _____ of the oppositely charged ions. | 6 |
| In a crystal of an ionic compound, each cation is surrounded by | anions. |
| A compound that has the same number of positive and negative charges is said to be | electroneutral. |
| What charges do the indium(II) ion and indium(III) ion have? | charges of 2+ and 3+, respectively. |
| What is the metallic ion in the compound CuCl2? | Cu2+ |
| The chemical formula for an ionic compound represents the simplest ratio of _______ that results in an electrically neutral compound. | ions |
| The electrons involved in the formation of a covalent bond are ________ electrons. | valence electrons |
| The chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons is a(n) | covalent bond |
| A covalent bond forms when the attraction between two atoms is balanced by repulsion and the potential energy is..... | at a minimum. |
| The correct Lewis structure for the oxygen atom has ______ pairs of valence electrons and ____ single valence electrons. | 2 pairs of valence electrons, and 2 single valence electrons. |
| The correct Lewis structure for the boron atom has _______ single valence electrons. | three single valence electrons. |
| The correct Lewis structure for a Group 18 atom has ______ pairs of valence electrons. | four pairs of valence electrons. |
| In a double bond, two atoms share a total of _____ electrons. | 4 |
| A chemical reaction has NOT occurred if the products have... | the same chemical properties as the reactants. |
| In the unbalanced formula equation CO + O2 ==> CO2 + energy, energy is... | released. this is an exothermic reaction |
| The products of the reaction, C2H5OH + 3O2 ==> 2CO2 + 3H2O have the same _____ as the reactants. | atoms |
| To balance a chemical equation, it may be necessary to adjust the | coefficients |
| A chemical equation is balanced when the same _________ of each kind of atom appears in the reactants and in the products. | number |
| After the first steps in writing an equation, the equation is balanced by adjusting ____________ to the smallest whole-number ratio. | coefficients |
| What coefficients correctly balance the formula equation CaCO3(s) ==> CaO(s) + CO2(g)? | 1,1,1 |
| What coefficients correctly balance the formula equation NH4NO2 ==> N2 + H2O? | 1,1,2 |
| A reaction of a hydrocarbon, in which carbon dioxide and water are produced, is classified as a.... | combustion reaction |
| In what kind of reaction do two or more substances combine to form a new compound? | synthesis reaction |
| The equation A + X ==> AX is the general equation for what type of reaction? | syntrhesis reaction |
| In what kind of reaction does a single compound produce two or more simpler substances? | decomposition reaction |
| In what kind of reaction does one element replace a similar element in a compound? | displacement reaction |
| What is the name of a list of elements arranged according to the ease with which they undergo certain chemical reactions? | activity series |
| An element in the activity series can replace any element ________ it on the list. | below |
| What can be predicted by using an activity series? | whether a certain chemical reaction will occur |
| solid | a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume |
| liquid | matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape |
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