Volcanoes
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Created by:
tfreeman14 on April 25, 2011
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Volcano | an opening in the earth's crust through which magma reaches the surface -most occur along plate boundaries |
| magma | hot , molten rock located under ground made of a liquid (melt), solid portion (minerals) |
| lava | hot molten that has reached the surface, gases have escaped. two kinds : Aa and Pahoehoe |
| how lava differs from magma | gases have escaped |
| Aa | type of lava with a rough rubbly surface, composed of broken lava blocks, forms when lava has cooled and its viscosity has been increased |
| Clinkers | broken lava blocks |
| Pahoehoe | lava that has a smooth surface, typically advances as a series of small lobes break out from a cooled crust |
| Hornito | smaller spatter cone forms on the surface of a lava flow- lava forced up through an opening in the cooled surface, middle of crator |
| lava trees (tree molds) | formed when lava surrounds a tree hills against it and drains away. The standing structure left behind is a hole where the tree was, mold. |
| Pele's hair | spun volcanic glass that is blown away from lava fountains, cascading lava falls, or turbulent lava flows, gold in color, small |
| Pele's tears | small bits of molten lava that cooled quickly with glass particles shaped like spheres- jet black in color. |
| Pele | Hawaiian goddess of the Volcanoes |
| Kibuka | small piece of land that is completely surrounded by lava flows. |
| lava tubes | natural conduits through which lava travels beneath the surface of a lava flow. Tubes form by the crusting over of lava channels and Pahoehoe flows |
| skylight | opening in the rock of a lava tube |
| lava bench | platform formed by new lava flows, extends the old shoreline, formed during time when lava is entering the ocean, very unstable. example :Hawaii at Kilauea |
| divergent boundaries | (type of boundary) greatest volume of volcanic rock is produced along the oceanic ridge, lithosphere pulls apart, less pressure on underlying rock, on land causes a rift |
| Curtain of Fire | tall explosions of lava from fissures, or rift eruptions |
| Convergent (Subduction) Boundaries | (type of boundary)- most explosive |
| Hot spots | mantle material coming up to the surface- within a rigid plate, plate moves over a continuous rate over the __________ |
| Shield Volcano | type of volcano: one side shaped like a shield, formed over a series of eruptions, made from mafic magma, low in quartz, low viscosity, low in gas content, mild eruptions higher than Mt. Everest (measure from ocean floor), base is sinking into mantle Example: Mauna Loa |
| Composite (Strato) Volcano | classic volcanic shape, taller than wide, layers, Made from felsic magma, high in quartz, high in viscosity, high in gas content, violent eruptions, Example: Mt. St. Helens, Fuji, Tambora |
| Cinder Cone Volcano | made up loose material- ash, steep slopes (angle repose), 1000-1500 ft (small), mild eruptions, example : Paricutin, Mexico |
| mafic | oceanic, mantle material, dark, divergent boundary, hot spots |
| felsic | continental, light in color has more quartz in it, convergent boundary |
| lava | one of the five ways a volcano can kill you, usually regarded as main hazard, not actually that dangerous,only a few m.p.h., don't go near the source or stand still |
| poison gas | when volcanoes erupts, large quantities of gas is ejected out, top 3 gases are H2O, So2, CO2 Example: Lake Nyos |
| Tephra | solid stuff coming out of a volcano, include : ash, lapilli, blocks, bombs, and Pryroclastic flows. |
| ash | smallest tephra, quartz, can pile up on structures |
| lapilli | tephra, size of a pill |
| blocks | tephra, bigger than lapilli, ejected from the volcano solid, some can have a bit of gas |
| bread cromb blocks | gas makes these blocks rise a bit |
| bomb | blocks ejected out of the volcano while still semi- molten |
| Pyroclastic flow | a ground- hugging avalanche of hot ash, pumice, rock fragments, and volcanic gas that rushes down the Mt. 100-400 mph, deadliest aspect of a volcanic eruption |
| Nuee Ardente | french word for pyroclastic flow means glowing cloud |
| Lahars | Indonesian word for a rapidly flowing mixture of rock debris and water originates on the slopes of a volcano, also called volcanic muflows or debris flows, source of water is glacial ice, example: Mt. St. Helens |
| Tsunami | Japanese word for "harbor wave", a volcanic eruptions abruptly displaces ocean water by either an explosion or landslide, Example : Krakatoa |
| Thomas Yegar | founding father of modern volcanology |
| Maurice and Katya Kraft | french geologists, loved volcanoes, died in a pyroclastic flow, famous for photographing volcanoes |
| Stanley Williams | climbed Galerros, expert on Latin American Volcanoes |
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