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Hippocrates One of the first to impose empirical observations to study of medicine. He wanted to find the mind, which he thought was separate from the body. Mind body dualism The belief in which the mind is separate from the body. The belief also stated that the body is composed of physical substances but the mind is eternal. Plato He was considered a rationalist because of his assertion that knowledge is acquired through rational methods by using philosophical analysis to understand the world and people in it. Aristotle He is called an empiricist because of his assertion that knowledge is acquired through empirical methods. Obtaining evidence through experience, observation, and experiment. He is credited with the scientific method. Rene Descartes He developed interactionism which proposed that the mind affects the body and the body affects the mind. He believed that this occurred in the pineal gland (located in lower center of brain) Interactionism proposed that the mind affects the body and the body affects the mind Thomas Hobbes Associated with monoism. Monoism the idea that human experiences are physical processes emanating from the brain. John Locke He rejects the notion that physical/mental phenomena are distinct. Mind is dependent on body. Body is dependent on mind. Immanuel Kant He believed that senses, understanding, and reasoning worked together. He used empiricism and rationalism in quest for understanding relation between mind and body. Wilhelm Wundt He focuses on perception and conscientiousness and objective introspection. Objective introspection the process of recording thoughts, feelings and sensory experiences. Edward Titchener He broke consciousness into physical sensations, feelings, and images. Structuralism. Structuralism emphasizes the analysis of consciousness into its basic components. William James rejected structuralism. All three things flow together. Functionalism. Functionalism attempt to learn how individual to learn how individual functions in society. Biological Perspective that mind and body are interrelated. Both nature/nurture influence traits/disorders. Behavioral Perspective that is objective, does not intake thoughts. Cognitive Perspective that focuses on the importance of how people think. Serial processing step by step processing Parallel processing all mental processes occur at once. Humanistic Perspective that emphasizes potential for individual growth and change. Focuses on self awareness and free will. Self concept who the person is Ideal self who the person aspires to be Psychodynamic Perspective on the consciousness and unconsciousness. Sociocultural Perspective that human activities take peace in cultural contexts. Cross culture phenomena. Universal themes. Evolutionary Perspective that origins of behavior patterns are due to reproductive success. Reproductive success species are programmed to produce offspring who can successfully reproduce themselves.