The Reformation
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christinecrais on April 25, 2011
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28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Protestant Reformation | -People start asking questions about religion because of the renaissance. -The Church started getting loose with their own rules and people would question this and not follow them either. -One main part of the reformation is that people get away form the Catholic Church. -It is clear to a lot of people that the church needs reforming, so people encourage them to clean up their act. -The two biggest problems were: - Worldliness of the clergy and simony. -Also resentment of the tithe. |
| Worldliness of the Clergy | -Clergy didn't take their values seriously, people were really mad because everyone was depending them on religious leadership. Also, a lot of the clergy was poorly educated and they wouldn't answer your questions about the church, so there was an uneducated clergy. |
| Simony | People sold church offices if you donated a certain amount of money to the church; some people were cardinals at 14 years old. Allowing someone to be a bishop or cardinal because their family donated a certain amount of money to the church. |
| Resentment over the Tithe | -the people didn't want to give money to the church. Poor people were expected to tithe to a church that was extremely wealthy. |
| Vulgate | -The Catholic Church had an official translation of the bible. -written in Latin. -Most people couldn't read or understand Latin, so there wasn't really any access to scripture. The Vulgate also had many errors. EX. They said that Moses had horns. So pictures from that time showed Moses with horns. The Church didn't want it translated because he didn't want people to interpret and question what it says. |
| John Huss | -From time to time people would come give advice to the church, one named John Huss. He brought criticisms to the church about the clergy. They church would have church councils and people would present these issues. They told John Huss that if he came to council they would review his ideas; they said they wouldn't hurt him but when he came, they burned him on a stake because of heresy, going against Dogma. The church was not interested in reform |
| Martin Luther | (1483-1546) -Born in 1483 in Germany. He came from a sort of middle class family, his dad worked with minerals. Martin Luther was really smart, so his dad saw him as a ticket out of middle class and set him to university to become a lawyer. One day when he was home to visit his family, a huge thunderstorm came with lots of lightening. He was in the midst of this storm and lightening was striking and he was scared, so he said "Saint Anne preserve me and I will become a monk." He survived the storm and entered a monastery and became an Augustinian Monk. His dad is not pleased because he was supposed to get rich, so his dad didn't speak to him for years after this. The monastery was really happy to have him because he wanted to be there and was well educated. He enters this and he is a good monk, he does fine. BUT he is so unhappy. He is constantly thinking about sin and he is consumed with the idea that he cant enter the presence of god without being as good as he could be, and that irritated him a ton. Luther is just trying so hard. The monastery makes a number of efforts to try to improve his move, they encourage him to become a priest so he can get out of the house but he is still unhappy. He becomes a priest but is extremely scared about transubstantiation. He is afraid that people will come to church believing they are taking part of sacraments, are actually drinking the body and blood of god. He is consumed with this idea that he is full of sin. -He started to teach at the university and got a masters in Theology. He also went to Rome but he found the cardinals and people less spiritual, and was very disappointed with the church leadership. - in a monastery and was reading a lot in the book of Romans, by Paul, he suddenly understood what "the just shall live by faith" meant. He has been told all his life that you do good things and anything you can to please god in hope of salvation, he realized that was actually saved him was being faithful. He said that all the weight of the world was lifted off his shoulders, because all he had to do was believe. -In the year 1570, a man named Johan Tetzel, a monk, he is selling indulgences for the church to pay for Saint Peter's Basilica. He told people that you could buy indulgences for people who are already dead. His jingle was, "when the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs." If you plan a big weekend, you could buy indulgences for sins you haven't even committed yet. Luther just couldn't believe that the church was selling these things and that Tetzel was saying you could buy indulgences before you have committed a sin. People thought that sin could be removed without penance. -Ninety-Five Theses- Martin Luther still is a good catholic. He writes 95 statements that he believes and wants to discuss, includes: indulgences, sins, how people relied to much on what the pope said rather than scripture. This was written in Latin and he posted it on the church door. The reason it was in Latin was so only the church leaders could read it. Someone took the 95 Theses, translated it into other languages, and it was out and about in two weeks, much to the churches despair. They didn't want to discuss it with Luther. They called him in for a debate, but Luther was trained as a lawyer so that didn't work out well for the church. He backs up everything he says with scripture. What the Church does to Martin Luther-The Church kicks him out of his monastic order, which doesn't shut him up, then excommunicate him, now, Martin Luther has totally changed his mind about the Catholic Church. Now, there is nothing else they can do to Martin and he is still talking. Now, Martin is getting real support. The Pope asked the holy roman emperor to a meeting, called a Diet. This was called the Diet of Worms (1520) the holy roman emperor orders Martin to come and recant (take it back) his statements and theses, and Martin refuses to do it. It ends with Martin saying, "Here I stand, I can do no other." So they now outlaw him, not under the protection of the law. Now, they think someone will kill this guy. The ruler, Frederick of Saxony, kidnapped Martin Luther for his own protection and hides him in a castle so no one will kill him. He is in this castle for 18 months. Martin translated the Bible into German. -Things calm down and he has support at home and he leaves the castle and no one kills him. He preaches several services on Sundays and is very popular. People like going to his church because he says Catholic Church is so boring. He let people sing and wrote hymns for them. He figures that he will give people the words to German beer drinking songs and made hymns out of them. He really gets it. He marries a former nun, Catherine Vanbora. He married her out of guilt but came to love her. He helped nuns leave the convent because people would push nuns into convents. For the rest of his life he teaches, preaches, sets up Protestant schools and is very busy for the rest of his life. A GOOD guy. -By the time he dies, they see that it is a separate religion and galls it Protestantism because they protest, and those who stick with Luther's teachings are Lutherans. |
| The Tower Experience | - in a monastery and was reading a lot in the book of Romans, by Paul, he suddenly understood what "the just shall live by faith" meant. He has been told all his life that you do good things and anything you can to please god in hope of salvation, he realized that was actually saved him was being faithful. He said that all the weight of the world was lifted off his shoulders, because all he had to do was believe. -In the year 1570, a man named Johan Tetzel, a monk, he is selling indulgences for the church to pay for Saint Peter's Basilica. He told people that you could buy indulgences for people who are already dead. His jingle was, "when the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs." If you plan a big weekend, you could buy indulgences for sins you haven't even committed yet. Luther just couldn't believe that the church was selling these things and that Tetzel was saying you could buy indulgences before you have committed a sin. People thought that sin could be removed without penance. |
| 95 Theses | - Martin Luther still is a good catholic. He writes 95 statements that he believes and wants to discuss, includes: indulgences, sins, how people relied to much on what the pope said rather than scripture. This was written in Latin and he posted it on the church door. The reason it was in Latin was so only the church leaders could read it. Someone took the 95 Theses, translated it into other languages, and it was out and about in two weeks, much to the churches despair. They didn't want to discuss it with Luther. They called him in for a debate, but Luther was trained as a lawyer so that didn't work out well for the church. He backs up everything he says with scripture |
| Church vs. Martin Luther | -The Church kicks him out of his monastic order, which doesn't shut him up, then excommunicate him, now, Martin Luther has totally changed his mind about the Catholic Church. Now, there is nothing else they can do to Martin and he is still talking. Now, Martin is getting real support. The Pope asked the holy roman emperor to a meeting, called a Diet. -This was called the Diet of Worms (1520) the holy roman emperor orders Martin to come and recant (take it back) his statements and theses, and Martin refuses to do it. It ends with Martin saying, "Here I stand, I can do no other." So they now outlaw him, not under the protection of the law. Now, they think someone will kill this guy. The ruler, Frederick of Saxony, kidnapped Martin Luther for his own protection and hides him in a castle so no one will kill him. He is in this castle for 18 months. Martin translated the Bible into German. |
| Diet of Worms | The Church kicks him out of his monastic order, which doesn't shut him up, then excommunicate him, now, Martin Luther has totally changed his mind about the Catholic Church. Now, there is nothing else they can do to Martin and he is still talking. Now, Martin is getting real support. The Pope asked the holy roman emperor to a meeting, called a Diet. |
| Protestantism | -Salvation by faith alone. -Priesthood of all believers, you can do anything a priest can do. -Sole authority of scripture. -Have two sacraments: baptism and communion because they are the only two that Jesus did. |
| Catholicism | -Salvation by faith and good works. -Ordained Priests and that Priests have a certain role which others don't have. -Still believed in authority of the Pope. -Have seven sacraments: Baptism, confirmation, communion, confession, holy orders, marriage, and anointing of the sick. |
| Second Generation Reformers | -People who broke away from the Catholic church after Martin Luther. -The most famous one is John Calvin/Jean Calvin. Him and Luther overlap. |
| John Calvin | -Jean as well. -He is from France and goes to U. of Paris, studying to be a lawyer. While at University got involved with people who started making accusations and complaints about the Catholic church. The leader of this group got arrested so Calvin ran away to Switzerland. Most of what he wrote was in Switzerland. He goes to Geneva, not intending on spending the rest of his life there. The people there were really interested in some religious leadership so they asked him to stay there. He stays and sets up a Church. -He puts big emphasis on predestination-the belief that before you were even born, god knew if you would be saved or not. Calvin thinks this is a big deal, some think that Luther believed in it but didn't talk about it. He said that a Christian should believe that god is omniscient. Therefore god knows all past, present, and future and always knew that. He believes that from the beginning of time god knew all who would ever live. So if it's predetermined, from the moment you were born it was known by god. -People don't like this because what is the point of free will then. And, why doesn't he save everybody? Why cant we all go to heaven? John said that they are all sinners. |
| The Elect | -People who are going to be saved by god. You will feel gods grace and want to do everything to please god. Never wear bright colors, never dance, sing secular music, go to church every time the door opens. This is where Puritans come from, people who think they are the elect. -In Geneva, he thought that it would be the coolest thing to have a city of The Elect. |
| The Geneva Experiment | -In Geneva, he thought that it would be the coolest thing to have a city of The Elect. In Geneva, he had no theatres, secular music, church attendance was necessary, bible reading. And the people don't like it, they have to leave and then all of the Elect will come! Children were executed if they opposed his parents. It is a REALLY strict place. |
| Calvinists | are followers of Calvin. The Descendants of Calvinists are Presbyterians. |
| Anabaptists | -Started in Germany by Menno Simons. Means re-baptizer. His concern was Catholics baptized people without being aware of it and choosing it. He said that you should only be baptized when you are older and if you choose to. The key belief is adult baptism. From this, you get Amish, Mennonite's, and Baptists. |
| English Reformation | Henry the 2nd, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Break with Catholic Church, Church of England/Anglican Church. |
| Henry the 2nd | -The second Tudor. There had never been a ruling queen of England. -Second son of Henry the 7th, his brother Arthur was supposed to become king. They wanted to arrange a good marriage, Catherine of Aragon. Spain is a very rich country so they can afford a large dowry. Catherine is sent at an early age to England. At the age of 15 she married Arthur who is also 15. They get married and they both get sick, they had the sweating disease. He dies and she survives, they are only married for 20 weeks. Her claim is later that they were young and sweaty so they never consummated their marriage. So now England is left with a 15 year-old widow and Spain says send her back along with her money. So they get Henry (10) to marry her so they can keep the dowry. When she is 23 and he is 18, they marry. That very same year, his father died and he becomes King. -He is very bright, a musician, speaks 4 languages, attractive, athletic. -He is pleased with the marriage and was married for 24 years, a real record for Henry. When he married Catharine, they asked the Pope for permission and it was fine, because there is a passage in the bible that says you may not lay with your brothers wife. She is pregnant many times and has many miscarriages and stillbirths and she finally has a girl, Mary. -He knows he could have a male child because he has illegitimate male children. He becomes more dissatisfied and worried about having a male heir. Henry then tries to figure out why god is mad at him and why he sends dead babies. He said that the problem was he shouldn't lay with his brothers' wife. He sends his advisor and Cardinal Wolsey (Chancellor of England) to ask for an annulment from Catherine of Aragon, The Pope says no for two reasons, he is not the same Pope who granted permission to marry Catherine and doesn't want to contradict the previous Pope because he doesn't want people contradicting him either. The other reason is that Catherine of Aragon is the aunt of the holy roman emperor and he did a huge favor to the Pope by outlawing Martin Luther. The emperor says don't take her off the throne we want our blood in king. -N-Now, Henry is getting antsy because he has an affair with one of Catherine's ladies in waiting, Anne Boleyn. By this time, he is very interested in Anne, who plays it very well. Her sister, Mary, was also a mistress of Henrys. She wouldn't go to bed with Henry until he divorced Catharine. She is pregnant as well with his child. Henry goes to Archbishop of Canterbury and says will you give me a divorce? He says oh sure. That is the Break with the Catholic Church. He sends Catherine of Aragon away, she has lots of support because she was a good queen and catholic. He declared Mary to be illegitimate. -Anne Boleyn and him are married and she has a girl, Elizabeth, he is disappointed but he knows she can have a lot more babies. Now he has two children, one legitimate, one illegitimate. He isn't in the Catholic Church anymore so he makes his own church. This is the Church of England/Anglican Church. |
| Saint Thomas More | -a close friend and advisor of Henry's, when Cardinal Wolsey dies he becomes Chancellor of England. They refer to him as the most honest man in England because he seems incorruptible. Because he is very religious, he just cant go along with Henrys thing. He gives up his post as Chancellor and goes to country. He just retires from the whole scene. Henry cant stand this, he cant drop it that his very good friend wont go along with him. He keeps calling Thomas in and taking an oath saying stuff and Thomas just wont do it. They finally arrest him and put him in prison, still trying to get him to sign the document. Now they say you can't see your daughter and wife if you don't sign it, you cant write and have books, he says no. He still refuses to do anything. They eventually put him on trial for treason |
| Anne Boleyn | -Henry the 2nd's mistress then wife. -gets prego again and her son dies right after birth, people called her the kings whore. And Henry is getting a lot of bad criticism for Anne. She was accused of adultery just to make people dislike her more. Adultery against the king is treason. People said she had a vestigial finger which is a sign of witchcraft. |
| Break with Catholic Church | -When he married Catharine, they asked the Pope for permission and it was fine, because there is a passage in the bible that says you may not lay with your brothers wife. She is pregnant many times and has many miscarriages and stillbirths and she finally has a girl, Mary. -He knows he could have a male child because he has illegitimate male children. He becomes more dissatisfied and worried about having a male heir. Henry then tries to figure out why god is mad at him and why he sends dead babies. He said that the problem was he shouldn't lay with his brothers' wife. He sends his advisor and Cardinal Wolsey (Chancellor of England) to ask for an annulment from Catherine of Aragon, The Pope says no for two reasons, he is not the same Pope who granted permission to marry Catherine and doesn't want to contradict the previous Pope because he doesn't want people contradicting him either. The other reason is that Catherine of Aragon is the aunt of the holy roman emperor and he did a huge favor to the Pope by outlawing Martin Luther. The emperor says don't take her off the throne we want our blood in king. -Now, Henry is getting antsy because he has an affair with one of Catherine's ladies in waiting, Anne Boleyn. By this time, he is very interested in Anne, who plays it very well. Her sister, Mary, was also a mistress of Henrys. She wouldn't go to bed with Henry until he divorced Catharine. She is pregnant as well with his child. Henry goes to Archbishop of Canterbury and says will you give me a divorce? He says oh sure. |
| Anne of Cleves | Henry was given three portraits of women to marry and he chooses Anne of Cleves b/c she looked pretty in picture. Henry was going to marry her and she ends up being ugly, but they still get married. He gets fat too and both of them don't like each other because they were both ugly, but they divorced but he gave her a nice house. |
| Katherine Howard | -she is 18 and he marries her when he is 50. Anne Boleyn's cousin. She was not very smart, but he wanted her because she was pretty. He believed she was a virgin, she wasn't. When they're getting married her old boyfriend shows up and she is scared that he will tell that they had sex. People are talking about him and everyone knew but him so Thomas Cranmer told him and he caught them. She was beheaded for adultery. |
| Catherine Parr | She's very rational and reasonable. When Henry died he married whom she really loved, she dies after having a kid with another man |
| Jane Seymour | -Henry marries Jane Seymour, Anne's lady-in-waiting, she's more boring than Anne was, they have a baby boy and then Jane dies shortly after. Henry loved her the most and when he dies he is buried with Jane. |
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