LEBO Myers Psychology for AP-Unit 10
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Psychtimewithtina on April 25, 2011
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54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 personality | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 595) |
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 597) |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 597) |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 597) |
| ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 598) |
| id | contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 598) |
| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 598) |
| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 598) |
| fixation (Freud's Theory) | according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 599) |
| identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 599) |
| Oedipus [ED-uh-puss] complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 599) |
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 600) |
| displacement | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 600) |
| projection | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 600) |
| rationalization | defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 600) |
| reaction formation | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 600) |
| regression | psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 600) |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 600) |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 601) |
| projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 602) |
| Rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 602) |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 602) |
| terror-management theory | proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 606) |
| self-actualization | according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 609) |
| self-concept | (1) a sense of one's identity and personal worth. (2) all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" (Myers Psychology 8e p. 610) |
| unconditional positive regard | according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 610) |
| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 613) |
| personality inventory | a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 615) |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 616) |
| empirically derived test | a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 617) |
| reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 623) |
| social-cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 623) |
| external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 625) |
| internal locus of control | the perception that one controls one's own fate. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 625) |
| personal control | our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 625) |
| positive psychology | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 628) |
| self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 632) |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). (Myers Psychology 8e p. 632) |
| self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably (Myers Psychology 8e p. 634) |
| superego | acts as the conscious |
| oral stage | infants explore the world by picking up objects and putting them in their mouth. if your care taker was neglectful, then you could have an oral fixation. |
| anal stage | starts at one and a half to 2 years, children learn they control their bodily functions, toilet training |
| Phallic stage | year 3, kids discover differences between sexes, can lead to depression, anxiety, and excessive guilt later i life. |
| latency stage | age 5 or 5, if conflict present then the child will retreat from the conflict and repress all aggressive urges. |
| genital stage | puberty, search for partner, gratification from relationships. |
| Carl Jung | colleague of Freud, his theory placed emphasis of mysticism and religion on behavior |
| archetypes | ideas and images of the accumulated experience of all human beings |
| Alfred Adler | inferiority complex, birth order theory. |
| Albert Bandura | said personality comes from observing others and modeling ourselves after them. |
| Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do). |
| Pleasure Principle | The motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id. |
| Reality Principle | According to Freud, the principle on which the ego operates, which seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. |
| sublimation | process when solid goes directly to vapour without passing liquid phase |
| Traits | focus on the structural organization of personality, not on development or specific behaviors |
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