1.
advantages iteroparity: If conditions are stable, but near carrying capacity, putting more energy in growth and survival first, then reproducing multiple times over the lifetime is a strategy allows:
-Competitive abilities
-multiple chances of successful reproduction when conditions for young survival are poor.
2.
advantages selemparity: timing reproductive effort to match favorable years or open spaces available for seedling
-attraction of pollinators to massive floral display
-saturation of seed predators
3.
age distributions: number of individuals of each eage that are represented in a population, can be used to determine if populations are increasing and how fast
4.
age specific mortatlity rates: 
5.
assumptions geometric growth model: •The population is closed
•All individuals are identical
•There is no structure in the population (genetic, age, size, sex...)
•Growth occurs in steps (t to t+1), i.e. the population has non-overlapping generations
6.
at K: both rates are equal, so no change in population size
7.
b<d: Population constant over time
8.
b=d: Population decreases over time(
9.
b>d: Population increases over time
10.
Cohort: a group of individuals of the same age (or stage)Life tables are often constructed by following the fate of acohort
11.
density dependence: Effects of population size on birth, growth and death rates,
limit to population growth
12.
Exploitative Competition:: Reduction in fitness resulting from a shared use of a resource in limited supply.
13.
iteroparity: Iteroparousorganisms breed multiple times during the life span.might offer the advantage of bet hedging("not put your eggs in the same basket") in variable environments
14.
IX: proportion fo the indivuals surviving at the start of at the age class X
15.
K: the carrying capacity: the maximum population size that can be sustained by the habitat, pop size will tend toward k
16.
K selected: K-selected species have a low rate of increase, and are good competitors, so tend to live a long time.
17.
Lack's hypothesis of evolution of optimal clutch size in birds: a trade-off between the limited energy parents can bring to the clutch and the survival of individual offspring
18.
Lacks 3 proposals: because life history traits (such as number of eggs per clutch) contribute to reproductive success they also influence evolutionary fitness
-life histories vary in a consistent way with respect to factors in the environment
-hypotheses about life histories are subject to experimental tests
19.
lacks experiment: Lack suggested that one could artificially increase the number of eggs per clutch in birds to show that the number of offspring is limited by food supply.
•This proposal has been tested repeatedly, through manipulation of clutch size in several bird species
20.
life histories: Life histories are the result of trade-offs in survival, reproduction and growth under constraints of limited time and energy
schedule of an organism's life, including:
-sex allocation
-number of reproductive events
-allocation of energy to reproduction
-age at maturity
-number and size of offspring
-life span
21.
Life table: an age-specific summary of survival
22.
lxmx: expected number of offspring during the intervah
23.
mx: mean number of offspring per a unit time produced by a female of age
24.
nterference Competition:: Direct harm caused to others by either physical means (fighting, for ex.) or chemical means (toxins, e.g. allelopathy)
25.
outcome for intraspecific competition: •Species A out-competes (excludes) species B
•Species B out-competes (excludes) species A
•Both species coexist
26.
picture curve: 
27.
protandy: In protandy, the male changes to female. One major example of this type of fish is the clown fish, which usually forms monogamous relationships.
28.
Protogyny: when the male is removed, the largest female would spontaneously change sex.
29.
r selected: r-selected species have a high rate of increase and are opportunistic users of the habitat , but are poor competitors;
30.
rate of increase: the difference between birth & death rates
31.
rates are affected by density: at low density, large difference à high rate of increase; at high density, small difference à low rate of increase
32.
Ro: net reproductive rate mean number of offspring produced per a female, Rate of increase = Ro/generation time
33.
semelparity: Semelparousorganisms breed only once during their lifetimes, allocating their stored resources to reproduction, then dying in a pattern of programmed death:
-sometimes called "big-bang"semelparous organisms often exist in highly variable environments
34.
Sex allocation:: Sex change (protandry, protogyny) due to differences in fitness between the sexes during lifetime or with change in size (size advantage model)
- Optimal offspring sex can be different under different conditions; females that can control the sex of their offspring will do so in a way that maximizes their own fitness
35.
Stochastic: random variations of the environment that cause changes in birth & death rates, so changes in rate of increase
36.
survivorship curve: a plot of the proportion out of a cohort alive at each age
37.
suvivorship: nx(number of survivors at the start of age class x) /n0, proportion of individuals that survive from birth to age x
38.
The demographic transition:: change from a low growth rate due to equally high birth & death rates to a low growth rate due to low birth & death rates, during transition high growth rate
39.
time lag: in the density-dependent response to population density.cause oscillations in numbers, time delay in formulation
40.
type I curve: •Type I: high survivorship early, low survivorship late in life
41.
type II curve: constant survivorship throughout life
42.
type III curve: low survivorship early, high survivorship late
43.
whales: Whales were brought near extinction when mortality rates became much higher than birth rates due to whaling
