Chapter 19: Blood
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102 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 blood | A specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix. |
| dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes | One function of blood is that it transports: |
| pH and composition of interstitial fluids | One function of blood is that it regulates: |
| fluid loss at injury sites | One function of blood is that it restricts: |
| toxins and pathogens | One function of blood is that it defends against: |
| body temperature | One function of blood is that it stabilizes: |
| Plasma | Blood is a fluid connective tissue with a matrix called: |
| formed elements | Blood cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma make up this: |
| red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets | These are the three formed elements in whole blood: |
| erythrocytes | Another name for red blood cells. |
| red blood cells | These are the most abundant blood cells and are essential for the transport of oxygen in the blood. |
| leukocytes | Another name for white blood cells. |
| white blood cells | These are less numerous than RBC's and participate in the body's defense mechanisms. |
| platelets | These are small, membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to the process of clotting. |
| Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) | formed elements are produced through the process of: |
| Myeloid and lymphoid | These two populations of stem cells are responsible for the production of all kinds of formed elements. |
| 100.4 | What is the temperature of blood in °F |
| 5 | Blood is ____times more viscous than water. |
| 5-6 | How many liters of blood does the adult male contain? |
| 4-5 | How many liters of blood does the adult female contain? |
| 92 | What percentage of the volume does water account for in plasma? |
| The levels of respiratory gases and the concentrations and types of dissolved proteins | What are the primary differences between plasma and interstitial fluid? |
| Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens | What are the three major types of plasm proteins? |
| albumins | This accounts for roughly 60% of the plasma proteins. |
| Albumins | This is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma and are important in the tranport of fatty acids, thyroid horomones, some steroid hormones, and other substances. |
| globulins | These account for approximately 35% of proteins in plasma. |
| immunoglobulins | Another name for antibodies |
| globulins | Importnat plasma _____ include antibodies. |
| Transport globulins | These bind small ions, hormones, and compounds that might otherwise be lost at the kidneys or that have very low solubility in water. |
| transport globulins | Hormone-binding proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoproteins, and steroid-binding proteins are all examples of what? |
| hromone-binding proteins | These provide a reserve of hormones in the bloodstream. |
| metalloproteins | These transport metal ions. |
| apolipoproteins | These carry triglycerides and other lipids in the blood. |
| steroid-binding proteins | These transport steroid hormones in the blood. |
| fibrinogen | This major type of plasma protein functinos in clotting. |
| 4 | what percent of plasma proteins does fibrinogen account for? |
| fibrin | Under certain conditions, fibrinogen molecules interact, forming large, insoluble strands of ____ that are the basic framwork for a clot. |
| serum | When preventing a blood clot in a sample of blood the clotting proteins are removed and this is what is left behind. |
| 90 | The liver synthesizes and releases more than ___% of the plasma proteins. |
| lymphocytes | plasma cells are derived from: |
| 4.5-6.3 | In an adult male, 1 microliter of whole blood contains____ million RBC's |
| 4.2-5.5 | In an adult female, 1 microliter of whole blood contains ____ million RBC's |
| 1/3 | RBC's account fo roughly what percent of all the cells in the body? |
| hematocrit | This is the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements. |
| 42 and 46 | The average percentage of hematocrit in males and females is how much? |
| androgens | What accounts for the difference in percentage of hematocrit in males and females? |
| 1000 | Whole blood contains how many RBCs for every 1 WBC? |
| Volume of Packed red cells (VPRC) or packed cell volume (PCV) | Hematocrit is commonly reported as the ____ because it contains mostly RBCs. |
| decrease | Hematocrit increases during dehydration, owing to a ____ in plasma volume. |
| rouleaux | The 'stacks' of RBC's is known as: |
| 120 | The life span of a RBC is usually less than ____ days due to the lack of internal organelles. |
| anaerobic metabolism of glucose | Because RBCs lack mitochondria, they obtain energy by: |
| Hemoglobin | Molecules of ____ account for more than 95% of a RBCs intracellular proteins. |
| Hemoglobin | This is responsible for the cell's ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| alpha and beta | Each Hb molecule has 2___chains and 2___ chains of polypeptides. |
| heme | Each Hb chain contains a single molecule of ___, a non-protein pigment complex. |
| oxyhemoglobin | Each heme unit holds an iron ion in such a way that the iron can interact with oxygen molecule, forming _____ |
| deoxyhemoglobin | A hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen is called ______ |
| 280 | How many million Hb molecules does each red blood cell contain? |
| 4 | How many heme UNITS does each hemoglobin contain? |
| carbaminohemoglobin | When alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin bind to carbon dioxide the form: |
| Anemia | if the hematocrit is low or the Hb content of RBCs is reduced, the resulting condition is called: |
| phagocytes | These engulf the RBCs after they are ruptured or damaged (usually about 120 days) |
| sickle cell anemia | This results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of the beta chains in Hb molecule. |
| hemolyze | Macrophages of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow monitor the condition of circulating RBC's generally recognizing and engulfing them before they ____, or rupture |
| macrophages | ____ of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow monitor the condition of RBC and engulf them before they hemolyze. |
| hemolysis | when this occurs, the Hb breaks down, and the alpha and beta chains are filtered by the kidneys and eliminated in urine. |
| hemoglobinuria | When abnormally large numbers of RBCs break down in the bloodstream, urine may turn red or brown, this is called: |
| hematuria | The presence of intact RBCs in urine- a sign called ____ occurs only after kidney damage or damage to vessels along the urinary tract. |
| disassembled and then either metabolized or absorbed by other cells | What happens to globular proteins when RBCs get recycled. |
| biliverdin | During recycling of RBCs, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to: |
| urobilinogens and stercobilinogens | In the large intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin to related pigments called: |
| urobilins | Urine is yellow because it contains: |
| urobilins and stercobilins | Feces is yellow-brow or brown because it contains: |
| urobilins and stercobilins | Upon exposure to oxygen, some of the urogilinogens and stercobilinogens are converted to: |
| transferrin | Iron extracted from heme molecules may be bound and stored in a phagocytic cell or released into the bloodstream, where it binds to _____ |
| transferrins | Excess____ are removed in the liver and speen and the iron is stored in two special protein-iron complexes. |
| ferritin and hemosiderin | These are the two special protein-iron complexes that excess iron are stored in: |
| vessels of embryonic yolk sac | What is the primary site of blood formation for the first eight weeks of a developing fetus? |
| erythropoiesis | this is the process of red blood cell formation. |
| myeloid tissue | Erythropoiesis occurs where? |
| yellow bone marrow | These are marrow areas containing a fatty tissue known as: |
| red marrow | During extreme stimulation such as severe blood loss, areas of yellow marrow conver to _____ to increase RBC production. |
| hemocytoblasts | This is also known as multipotent stem cells in bone marrrow |
| myeloid and lymphoid | These are the 2 stem cells produced by hemocytoblasts |
| myeloid stem cell | These divide to produce RBCs and several classes of white blood cells. |
| lymphoid stem cells | these divide to produce the various classes of lymphocytes. |
| proerythroblasts erythroblast | Cells destined to become RBCs first differentiate into _____and then proceed through various ____ stages. |
| erythroblast | These actively synthesize hemoglobin and are named based on total size, amount of hemoglobin present, and size and appearance fo the nucleus. |
| normoblast | after 4 days of differentiation, the erythroblast is called a ____ |
| reticulocyte | When the erythroblast becomes a normoblast and shed its nucleus it becomes a: |
| B12, B6, and folic acid | What are the three vitamins required for erythropoiesis? |
| amino acids, iron, and vitamins | For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, the red bone marrow must recieve adequate supplies of _______ required for protein synthesis. |
| pernicious anemia | If vitamin B12 is not obtained from the diet, normal stem cell divisions cannot occur and _____ results. |
| Erythropoietin | This is aka erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone and is a glycoprotein, formed by the kidneys and liver that appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues are exposed to low Oxygen levels. |
| hypoxia | The state of low tissue oxygen levels is called: |
| erythropoietin | this is released during anemia, when blood flow to the kidneys declines, when oxygen content of the lungs declines, and when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged. |
| erythropoietin | This stimulates increased cell division rates in erythroblasts and in the stem cells that produce erythroblasts and speeds up the maturation of RBCs. |
| blood type | this is a classification determined by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens in RBC plasma membranes. |
| agglutinogens | Surface antigens on your own RBCs: |
| agglutinins | Plasma contains antibodies, sometimes called ____ that will attack the antigens on foreign RBCs. |
| agglutination | What it is called when foreign cells clump together. |
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