From Gene To Protein
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Created by:
MelindaShort on April 26, 2011
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Chapter 17
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 gene expression | process by which DNA directs synthesis of proteins |
| transcription | synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA. uses A G C U as bases |
| promoter | region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA |
| mRNA | messenger RNA. carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing material |
| tRNA | transfer RNA. transfers amino acids from cytoplasmic pool to ribosomes |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA. constructs ribosomal subunits that tRNA binds to. |
| translation | synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mRNA. occurs in ribosomes |
| start codon | AUG- methionine |
| stop codons | UAA, UAG, UGA |
| ribosomes | complex particles that facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into peptide chains. located outside of nucleus |
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | enzyme that correctly matches up tRNA to amino acid. 20 of them, one for each amino acid. |
| stages of transcription | initiation (unwinding of DNA) elongation (polymerase moves downstream and elongates RNA transcript) termination (RNA transcript is released and polymerase detaches) |
| elongation cycle of translation | (1) codon recognition- tRNA base paris with mRNA in A site--active site. (2) peptide bond formation- peptide bond between amino acid in A site to P site. (3) translocation- ribosome from A site moves to P site with chain of amino acids on top. leaves from E site- exit site when done |
| protein synthesis | requires GTP, initiation factors to bring all components together, elongation factors, and release factors which binds to the stop codon in the A site. |
| polyribosome | string of ribosomes along mRNA. allows for multiple polypeptide chains to be produced from same strand |
| bacterial protein synthesis | no nucleus. mRNA produced by transcription is immediately translated |
| introns | noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lies between coding regions, edited out of the nucleus |
| exons | coding sements. "expressed" and translated, exits the nucleus |
| ribozymes | RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme. catalyze their own reactions |
| mutations | changes in genetic information. caused by errors during DNA replication or recombination |
| point mutations | chemical changes in a single base pair. example: sickles cell |
| insertion//deletion | addition or removal of nucleotide pairs in a gene. causes frameshift mutation. |
| 20 Amino Acids | ______ amino acids associated with eukaryotic cells but 64 possible codons. |
| Codons | The genetic code that operates in triplets of bases. |
| Terminator | in bacteria; the sequence that signals the end of transcription |
| Coding Sequence | The portion of a gene that is transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein. |
| Stages of Transcription | Initiation, Elongation and Termination |
| aminoacyl-tRNA | currently has an amino acid to a transfer |
| Anticodon | On the front end of the transfer, opposite of whats in the message, a nucleotide triplet which base pairs with a complimentary codon on mRNA |
| 20 to 30 codons | Editing begins when the message is ________ codons in length |
| Translation | is the RNA-Directed synthesis of a polypeptide |
| (A-Site, P-Site & E-Site) Ribosomes | This is the area where mRNA will attach. The larger of the two ribosomal segments has a depression divided into three areas. |
| A-Site | Where the transfer begins - amino acid holding |
| P-Site | Where the transfer hold peptidyl tRNA |
| E-Site | Exit site of all amino acids |
| Transposons | jumping genes |
| Point Mutations | Chemical changes in a single base pair of a gene |
| Substitution | Will change the protein a person can produce |
| Deletion | A section gets knocked out of another |
| Mutagen | anything that provokes a mutation |
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