1.
acidic: what a solution is if it contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+); if you dissolve an acid in water, it releases a lot of hydrogen ions
2.
adhesion: the attraction between different kinds of molecules
3.
alkaline: what solutions are said to be if they are bases and release OH-
4.
atom: the smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties; building blocks of the physical world
5.
basic: what a solution is if they don't release hydrogen ions when added to water; they release a lot of hydroxide ions (OH-)
6.
capillary action: phenomenon that occurs in the vessels; the ability of water to rise up the roots, trunks, and branches of trees
7.
carbohydrates: organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; CnH2nOn
8.
carbon: one of four natural elements that make up 96% of the mass of all organisms (C); a versatile atom (has the ability to bind with other carbons as well as a number of other atoms)
9.
chemical bond: an attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells
10.
chemical reaction: the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter
11.
cohesion: the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds
12.
compound: a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
13.
covalent bond: a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons; electrons are shared
14.
disaccharides: double sugars; two molecules of monosaccharides are chemically linked to form this (joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis)
15.
electrons: negatively charged (-) subatomic particles that spin around the nucleus and are pretty small compared to protons and neutrons (considered massless)
16.
elements: substances that can't be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
17.
fructose: one of the most common sugars; common sugar in fruits; six-carbon sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6
18.
glucose: one of the most common sugars; most abundant and popular sugar around; plants produce it; six-carbon sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6
19.
heat capacity: the ability of a substance to store heat; the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by one degree
20.
hydrogen: one of four natural elements that make up 96% of the mass of all organisms (H)
21.
hydrogen bonds: weak chemical bonds that form when a (slightly positive) hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
22.
inorganic compounds: compounds that don't contain carbon atoms
23.
ionic bond: chemical bond from the attraction between oppositely charged ions when one or more electrons are transferred form one atom to the other; one atom loses electrons and becomes positively charge and the other gains electrons and becomes negatively charged
24.
isotopes: one of several atomic forms of an element where the atoms have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus; differ in atomic mass
25.
monosaccharides: the simplest sugars that serve as an energy source for cells; have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O; "mono" - one
26.
neutrons: neutral subatomic particles that are packed in the nucleus
27.
nitrogen: one of four natural elements that make up 96% of the mass of all organisms (N)
28.
nonpolar covalent: if the electrons are shared equally between atoms
29.
nucleus: the core of an atom that consists of protons and neutrons
30.
organic compounds: compounds that contain a skeleton of carbon atoms
31.
oxygen: one of four natural elements that make up 96% of the mass of all organisms (O)
32.
pH scale: is numbered from 1-14 and used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
33.
polar: molecules are said to be this when they have partially positive and partially negative charges
34.
protons: positively charged (+) subatomic particles that are packed in the nucleus
35.
surface tension: a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid; water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules
36.
trace elements: elements that are only required by an organism in very small quantities (include iron, iodine, and copper)
