Psychology 106-132
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27 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 longitudinal method | measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period of time |
| cross-sectional method | compares individuals of various ages at one point in time |
| schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
| assimilation | the process of absorbing new information into an existing schema |
| accommodation | the process of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to incorporate new information |
| object permanence | an infant's understanding that objects or people continue to exist even when they cannot be directly seen, heard, or touched |
| irreversibility | the child's inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations |
| conservation | understanding that certain physical characteristics (such as volume) remain unchanged, even when their outward appearance changes |
| permissive style of parenting | parents set few rules, make minimal demands, and allow their children to reach their own conclusions |
| authoritative style of parenting | parents set firms rules, make reasonable demands, and listen to their child's viewpoint while still insisting on responsible behavior |
| authoritarian style of parenting | parents set rigid rules, enforce strict punishments, and rarely listen to their child's point of view |
| psychosocial stages | Erik Erikson's theory that individuals pass through eight developmental stages, each involving a crisis that must be successfully resolved |
| the id | consists of innate sexual and aggressive instincts and drives. The id is compulsive, irrational, and immature. It operates on a pleasure principle, seeking to achieve immediate gratification and avoid discomfort (completely unconscious) |
| the superego | consists of internalized parental and societal standards. It operates on a morality principle, seeking to enforce ethical conduct (partly conscious) |
| the ego | resides in the conscious and preconscious levels of awareness. ego is rational and practical. operates on a reality principle |
| defense mechanisms | the ego's protective method of reducing anxiety and distorting reality |
| repression | Freud's first and most basic defense mechanism that prevents unacceptable impulses from coming into conscious awareness |
| self-efficacy | the feelings of self-confidence or self-doubt that people bring to a specific situation |
| locus of control | individuals who accept personal responsibility for their life experiences have an internal locus of control |
| five-factor model | trait theory of personality that includes openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
| g factor | the notion, proposed by Charles Spearman, of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability |
| fluid intelligence | aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing, that are relatively independent of education and tend to decline as people age |
| crystallized intelligence | knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that tend to increase over the life span |
| standardization | establishment of norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test |
| reliability | measure of consistency and reproducibility of test scores during repeated administrations of a test |
| validity | the ability of a test to meausre what it is designed to measure |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | observations or behaviors that result primarily from expectation |
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