AP Biology Vocab 10
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Host Range | The limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasitize. |
| Lytic Cycle | A type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death or lysis of the host cell. |
| Virulent Virus (phage) | A virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle. |
| Temperate Phage | Phages that are capable of using either the lytic or lysogenic cycle. |
| Prophage | A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome. |
| Lysogenic Cycle | A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host. |
| Retrovirus | An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses. |
| Reverse Transcriptase | An enzyme encoded by some RNA viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. |
| Provirus | Viral DNA that inserts into a host genome. |
| HIV | The infectious agent that causes AIDS; HIV is an RNA retrovirus |
| AIDS | The name of the late stages of HIV infection; defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections. |
| Vaccines | A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen. |
| Viroid | A plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked circular RNA only several hundred nucleotides long. |
| Prion | An infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins to more prions. |
| Nucleoid | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. |
| Transformation | (1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. |
| Transduction | A DNA-transfer process used by phages to carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another. |
| Plasmid | A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast. |
| Episome | A genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome. |
| F Factor | A fertility factor in bacteria, a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. It may exist as a plasmid or integrated into the bacterial chromosome. |
| F Plasmid | The plasmid form of an F factor. |
| R Plasmid | A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. |
| Transposon | A transposable genetic element; a mobile segment of DNA that serves as an agent of genetic change. |
| Insertion Sequence | The simplest kind of transposon, consisting of inverted repeats of DNA flanking a gene for transposase, the enzyme that catalyzes transposition. |
| Operator | In prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon. |
| Repressor | A protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene |
| Regulatory Gene | A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes. |
| Corepressor | a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off |
| Inducer | A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon. |
| Cyclic AMP | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons. |
| Heterochromatin | Nontranscribed eukaryotic chromatin that is so highly compacted that it is visible with a light microscope during interphase. |
| Euchromatin | The more open, unraveled form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription. |
| Repetitive DNA | Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome. |
| Satellite DNA | a fraction of a eukaryotic organism's DNA that differs in density from most of its DNA as determined by centrifugation, that consists of short repetitive nucleotide sequences, that does not undergo transcription, and that is often found in centromeric regions |
| Multigene Family | A collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin. |
| Psuedogenes | DNA segments very similar to real genes but which do not yield functional products. |
| Immunoglobulins | One of the class of proteins comprising the antibodies |
| Cellular Differentiation | The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression. |
| DNA Methylation | The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression. |
| Genomic Imprinting | The parental effect on gene expression whereby identical alleles have different effects on offspring, depending on whether they arrive in the zygote via the ovum or via the sperm. |
| Control Elements | Segments of noncoding DNA that help regulate transcription of a gene by binding proteins called transcription factors. |
| Enhancers | A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes. |
| Activator | A transcription factor that binds to an enhancer and stimulates transcription of a gene. |
| Proteasomes | A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin. |
| Oncogenes | A gene found in viruses or as part of the normal genome that is involved in triggering cancerous characteristics. |
| Tumor-Suppresor Gene | A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer). |
| Ras Gene | This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division. |
| p53 Gene | The "guardian angel of the genome," p53 is expressed when a cell's DNA is damaged. Its product, p53 protein, functions as a transcription factor for several genes. |
| Proto-oncogens | A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but which requires some alteration to become an oncogene. |
| DNA-Binding Domain | A part of the three-dimensional structure of a transcription factor that binds to DNA. |
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