AP Euro Unit 7
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Created by:
sara1245 on April 28, 2011
Subjects:
ap, euro, european history, history, social studies, unit 7, world war
Description:
Mr. Simmons AP Euro's unit 7
ALL TERMS
Early 20th Century
Order by
118 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 inflation | a general and progressive increase in prices |
| hyperinflation | rapid, out of control inflation, usually occurring during wars and periods of severe political instability |
| George Grosz | German artist known especially for his savagely caricatural drawings of Berlin Life in 1920's. Member of Berlin Dada and New Objectivity group during Weimar Republic |
| Pillars of Society | 1877 play written by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen |
| Weimar Republic | German Republic between abdication of Wilhelm II in 1919 and assumption of power by Hitler in 1933; presided over years of high inflation and political turmoil. Led by Friedrich Ebert. Evolutionary. "stabbing Germany in the back" |
| Alsace-Lorraine | territorial entity created by German Empire in 1871 after annexation of most of Alsace and Moselle region of Lorraine in Franco-Prussian war |
| Saar | region of Germany occupied and governed by Britain and France from 1920-35 under a League of Nations mandate, with the occupation originally being under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles |
| The Treaty of Rapallo | was an agreement that was made in the Italian town of Rapallo on April 16, 1922 between Germany (the Weimar Republic) and Soviet Russia under which each renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and World War I. |
| Gustav Stresemann | German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic. He was co-laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926. |
| Locarno Treaties | seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, and return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). Ratifications for the Locarno treaties were exchanged in Geneva on September 14, 1926, and on the same day they became effective. The treaties were also registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on the same day. |
| Maginot Line | fortification (concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun posts, and other) built before World War II to protect France's eastern border; initially considered to be impregnable, it was easily overrun by the German army |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | (also called the Pact of Paris) was a multinational treaty that prohibited the use of war as "an instrument of national policy." |
| Father Gapon | Russian orthodox priest and popular working class leader before the Russian revolution of 1905 |
| Duma | legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia |
| Soviet | government member of the Soviet Union; USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics); elected governmental council in a communist country |
| Women's Battalions | segregated all-female combat units formed after the February revolution by the Russian provisional government in a last ditch efforr to inspire the mass of war-weary soldiers to continue fighting in WWI until victory could be achieved |
| The July Days | events in 1917 that took place in Petrograd, Russia when soldiers and industrial workers engaged in spontaneous demonstrations against the Russian provisional government |
| Zimmerman Telegram | 1917 diplomatic proposal from German Empire to Mexico to make war against the U.S. Proposal declined by Mexico (due to civil war in the country), but angered Americans and lead in part to U.S. declaration of war in April |
| Ludendorff Offensive | series of German attacks along the Western Front during WWI, which marked the deepest advances by either side since 1914 |
| November 11, 1918 | Allied powers signed ceasefire agreement with Germany at Rethondes, France, bringing WWI to a close |
| Treaty of Versailles | treaty imposed on Germany after WWI which demanded payments for reparations. Italy felt cheated on this treaty because they did not get the land that they were promised |
| Fourteen Points | speech delivered by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson to congress, intended to assure the country that the Great War (as WWI was then called) was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe |
| League of Nations | international organization in 1920 to promote peace among nations, although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, U.S. never joined. Dissolved in 1946 after United Nations was formed. |
| Dawes Plan | (post WWI) devised solution to the German reparation problems; aimed to end inflation and restore economic prosperity by giving Germany a more modest and realistic schedule of payments and by extending a loan from American banks to get payments started |
| Young Plan | (post WWI) initially transferred $100 million to Germany; Germans saw 20th century stretching out before them as year after year of nothing but payments... to make matters worse, in 1928, American private loans shriveled in Germany as investors sought higher yield in the booming stock market at home |
| Great Depression | Devastation of the global economy that began in 1929 with the U.S. stock market crash and lasted through the 1930's |
| Fascism | rooted in mass politics of the 19th century, a totalitarian political system that glorifies the state and subordinates to the individual state's needs. First emerging in Italy circa WWI, appeared in all countries, especially Germany |
| Nazism | national socialism; German variant of fascism |
| Mussolini | Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism |
| March on Rome | coup d'etat by which Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in Italy. King Victor Emmanuel III had already given Mussolini the right to be premier, Mussolini just wanted to make a big deal about it. It was all staged by Mussolini |
| Ethiopia | African nation that Mussolini invaded in 1935 |
| Albania | European nation that Mussolini invaded and annexed in 1939 |
| Squadistri | Also known as the Blackshirts. Organization created by Mussolini. They were like a gang, who went around beating those whom they were against or didn't like, like peasants and labor unionists. Because of this, people with property and those in business supported them |
| Corporatism | political system in which power is exercised through large organizations (businesses, trade unions, etc) working in concert together under the direction of the state |
| Lateran Treaty | agreement signed in Lateran Palace in 1929 by Italy and the Holy See (Catholic Church) which recognized the Vatican City as a sovereign and independent papal state |
| Rome-Berlin Axis | 1949 book by British historian Elizabeth Wiskermann. Study of Axis alliance of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany with particular emphasis on the relationship between Mussolini and Hitler |
| Pact of Steel | alliance between Germany and Italy signed in 1939. Two parts; first was open declaration of continuing trust and cooperation; second, a "secret supplementary protocol" encouraged a union of policies concerning the military and economy. Italians were against this, upset at Mussolini |
| Beer Hall Putsch | failed Nazi attempt to seize power in Munich in November 1923 |
| Hinderburg | German field marshal and statesman; as president of the Weimar Republic, he reluctantly appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933 |
| Third Reich | Germany under the Nazi regime, began 1933 |
| Enabling Act | Chancellor (at the time) Adolf Hitler legally obtained plenary powers and that is through which he established his dictatorship. He basically planned the burning of the Reichstag to stage his big political event in which he eventually obtained all his powers. |
| Mein Kampf | book written by Hitler when he was imprisoned in 1923. He argued that the German people were threatened by liberalism, marxism, humanism, and bolshevism, which were directed behind the scenes by Jews |
| Himmler | As head of the SS and the secret police, he had control over the vast network of Nazi concentration and extermination camps. Committed suicide after his arrest in 1945 |
| SS | special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Hitler in 1925; administered concentration camps |
| Autarky | quality of being self-sufficient. exists whenever an entity can survive or continue its activities without external assistance. political/economic term |
| SA | Nazi milita created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power but was eclipsed by the SS |
| Brownshirts | a member of the Nazi SA |
| Lebensraum | "living space" Hitler's goal in WWII was to gain this for Germany in the East. This meant enslaving or killing the native populations of Poland and other Eastern European countries |
| Four Year Plan | short term national investment plan, by deputy Prime Minister of Second Polish Republic. Foresaw expansion of infrastructure, increase in defense abilities of Poland, preparations of foundations for future expansion of industry, and activation of the Old-Polish industrial region. |
| Goebbels | German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany, from 1933 to 1945. One of Hitler's closest associates. Played a hand in Kristallnacht attack on Jews, which historians consider to be the beginning of the Final Solution. |
| Triumph of the Will | Propaganda film made by Leni Riefenstahl about Nazi Germany and the Third Reich |
| Kristallnacht | "Night of broken glass" during which Nazi troops stormed Jewish ghettos in Germany, killing or capturing approx. 30,000 Jews, and destroying synagogues, homes, and property |
| Leon Blum | socialist; created the Popular Front |
| Popular Front | socialist governments established in both France and Spain in the 1930's; the French version failed to solve the depression and was voted out of office; the creation of a socialist republic in Spain initiated a civil war |
| Ramsey McDonald | Prime minister of Great Britain (socialist Labour government), was unprepared to deal with the 1929 collapse (Great Depression) and lacked the vision and planning to find a way out of the morass. Was part of the National Government |
| National Government | 1931-1935: coalition of moderate groups (Liberals, Conservatives, and Labour) that addressed issues of high unemployment, a growing gov. deficit, a banking crisis, and the flight of capital |
| Stanley Baldwin | conservative with a background in iron and steel manufacturing, part of National Government |
| Sir Oswald Mosley | founded the British Union of Fascists (1932). he developed a corporate model for economic and political life in which interest groups rather than an electorate would be represented in a new kind of parliament |
| British Union of Fascists | (BUF) consisted of goon squads and bodyguards that were opposed to free trade liberalism and communism, who began attacking Jews. At it's peak, had 20,000 members, outlawed in 1936 |
| Guernica | Painting by Pablo Picasso. Commemoration of the bombing of small Basque town in Spain by German Planes in April 1937. Images convey sounds. Painted for the Spanish pavillion of the International Exhibition to be in Paris |
| Francisco Franco | Spanish general that led the revolt against the republic from within the Spanish army, started the Spanish Civil War. He was a conservative nationalist allied with the Falange |
| Falange | Fascist party in Spain |
| Spanish Popular Front | electoral coalition and pact signed in 1936 by various left-wing political organizations |
| Spain 1931 | Spain became democratic republic after centuries of Bourbon monarchy and almost a decade of military dictatorship |
| Spain 1936 | Voters of Spain elected a Popular Front government. Was more radical than French: property seized, revolutionary workers went on strike, Catholic church was attacked... This social revolution initiated 3 years of civil war |
| Sides of Spanish Civil War | 1) Republicans, Popular front defenders 2) Nationalists (sought to overthrow republic: landowners, supporters of monarchy, church, and much of Spanish army) |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, and Japan (WWII) |
| Appeasement | British policy of making concessions to Germany in order to avoid war. Allowed Hitler to militarize Sudetenland and eventually take all of Czechoslovakia |
| Neville Chamberlain | Prime Minister of GB. Was sent to reason with Hitler not to take over Czech. Biggest example of appeasement: convinced France and Czech to yield to Hitler's demands to avoid war. |
| Allied Powers | US, GB, France, SU |
| Pact of Steel | military alliance formed by Hitler in 1939, with Mussolini's Italy |
| Non-Agression Pact of 1939 | Previously declared enemies Hitler and Stalin joined their two nations in pact of mutual neutrality. Hitler believed alliance with SU would force the British and French to back down while Germany conquered Poland (last obstacle to Eastward expansion) in a short, limited war |
| Invasion of Poland | 1st of Sept. 1939, Germany attacked Poland. Lasted 1 month, Poles surrendered. Russia "helped" (Germany didn't need) by sending in troops 10 days before surrender. Germany and Russia share land, Stalin takes measures to protect Russia. First use of Blitzkrieg |
| Blitzkrieg | Lightning war in which air power and rapid tank movement are combined for a swift victory |
| Charles de Gaulle | brigadier general opposed to the armistice of Germany in France, fled to London, where he set up a Free French government in exile |
| Battle of Britain | Germain airstrike on Britain. First attacked aircrafts, airfields, and munitions centers. Then shifted to major population centers like London, and industrial cities like Coventry. British resisted under Winston Churchill, Hitler abandoned mission |
| Hermann Goring | Reich marshal who led the Battle of Britain and launched the series of attacks. |
| Josip Broz | "Tito". Was a Croatian communist and Yugoslav nationalist. One of the great resistance fighters of WWII; instead of waiting to be liberated, his partisians fought against the Italian and German troops. He gained support and admiration from Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin. After liberation, his organization gained 90% of the vote in Yugo elections, became leader postwar. |
| Aryan Race | Hitler's "master race". It was the race he wanted to create and Germany to have and be known for. |
| Final Solution | term used by Third Reich to refer to the extermination of all people deemed "unfit"; resulted ini execution of 11 million men, women, and children, 6/11 being Jews |
| Reinhard Heydrich | Conducted the planning conference for The Final Solution. Was leader of Sicherheidienst (SD) or security service of the SS |
| Judeocommunist | expression by Hitler to describe what he saw as the most dangerous criminal and enemy of the Third Reich, the enemy who must be annihilated at any cost. Nazi propaganda equated Jews with communists |
| Auchwitz | Largest of the concentration camps. "Work makes you free" on gates. Greatest number of people that died in a single place. |
| Groups other than Jews that were targeted by Holocaust | children, aged, homosexuals, Slavic slave laborers, Soviet prisoners of war, communists, members of Polish and Soviet leadership, resistance elements, gypsies, Jehovah's witnesses |
| Why resistance=failure | 1) the entire German state and its beaurocratic apparatus were involved in the policies, laws, and decrees of the 1930's that singled out victims, while most German people stood silently back 2) step-by-step nature of the process of extermination, which meant few understood the final outcome before it was too late |
| Jews rise up early | Most were oblivious, thought their neighbors were moving east, not being killed |
| Heinz Guderian | German general, was commander of tank units while German troops were in Russian winter trying to take over Moscow. Reported that his men had frostbite, tanks could not start, and weapons were jamming |
| Gyorgi Zhukov | Russian general, outside Moscow, pushed unprepared/unequipped German's back in retreat (counterattack) |
| Battle of Stalingrad | initiated by Hitler in 1942, to take city of Stalingrad (Russia). Gutted the city, Soviets were forced into hand-to-hand combat, Germans once again unprepared for winter. 9,000/300,000 made it back to Germany in 1955 |
| Great Patriotic War | Soviets had high patriotism; they had the determination to sacrifice everything for the war effort. In 1941, as Hitler's troops threatened Moscow, Stalin appealed to his "brothers and sisters" to join him in this war. |
| Arsenal of Democracy | America pumped $11 billion to Soviets between 1941-9145 |
| Lend-Lease Act | Authorized Roosevelt to provide armaments to Great Britain and Soviet Union without payment. |
| Pearl Harbor | 7th December, 1941. Japanese air attack on American Pacific Fleet. 2,300 killed, cruisers, destroyers, and 8 battleships sunk. Led to immediate declaration of war on Japan |
| Douglas McArthur | U.S. general, who surrendered the Philippines to Japan in 1942, with the promise to return |
| Operation Overlord | 1944. Allied troops under Dwight D. Eisenhower poured into Normandy (Northern France) to break through German lines and liberate Paris |
| Battle of the Bulge | German last-ditch counterattack to Operation Overlord (1944) in Luxembourg and Belgium. Only slowed Allied advance; in March 1945, U.S. crossed Rhine into Germany; final German defeat when Russians stormed Berlin |
| Big Three | United States (Roosevelt), Great Britain (Churchill), Soviet Union (Stalin). Decided the fate of postwar Europe: governments of Germany and Japan totally abolished and reconstructed, no deals, no peace negotiations, surrender unconditional |
| Atomic Wasteland | Atomic bombs dropped by the U.S. on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many people thought this was unnecessary and that Japan was about to lose anyway. |
| Tehran | Conference of Big Three in Nov. 1943. Churchill and Roosevelt made commitment to Stalin to open second front in France within six months, while Stalin promised to attack Japan to aid the U.S. in the Pacific |
| Pogroms | massacres of Jews. 1881 |
| Intelligencia | radical intellectuals who try to restore the revolution. 1873 |
| Will of the People | terrorist group who assassinate Alexander II. 1881 |
| 1894 | Nicholas II becomes tsar. Conservative, reactionary. Relied on army and bureaucracy |
| Russo-Japanese War | 1904. Russia loss, blow to ego |
| Bloody Sunday | 1905. Russian workers led by a Russian orthodox priest, Father Gapon (who was loyal to the tsar) were carrying a petition to the tsar when government officials open fired on the crowd |
| April Theses | by Lenin (April 1917) when he returns from exile. Promises "Peace, Land, and Bread" |
| Bolshevik revolution | November 1917. Lenin and bolsheviks overthrow provisional government. Bolsheviks released from prison, seize power, and take control of Petrograd in the name of Soviets |
| Lenin bans Constituent Assembly | January 1918. Shut down parliament because they did not treat the people fairly. |
| Treaty of Brest Litovsk | March 1918. Treaty between Russia and Germany whereby Soviet Russia withdrew from WWI. This results in a greatly reduced Russian territory |
| Trotsky vs. Stalin | struggle to see who would take over from Lenin. Stalin kills Trotsky, wins. |
| First Five Year Plan | 1928, Stalin planned to make agricultural advances. New Economic Policy is part of this. Kulaks keep goods from market, famine comes, government attacks kulaks |
| New Economic Policy | 1921. Lenin. Reestablished limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry. Temporary. Grain tax. |
| Stalin Dictatorship | 1929. Made himself hero of state. Eliminated rivals. |
| Treaty of Versailles Main Points | -self-determination -war reparations -war guilt clause -mandates -14 points (Wilson) |
| WWI Unintended Consequences | - economic problems - nationalism (emergence of new countries in Eastern Europe) - women get right to vote - Labor movement: working classes powerful and influential - balance of power fractured - United States replaces Europe as economic power |
| Living off an Insurance Program | "Living on the Dole" |
| Spartacist Revolt | 1919 revolt led by Karl Leibknicht and Rosa Luxembourg, fails, hanged. Purpose: inspired by Bolsheviks, unhappy with Weimar republic |
| Fascisti | Group founded in Milan 1919. Strongly nationalistic, anti-democratic, anti-marxist, and anti-parliament. Basically: they and only they can (want to) be in power. |
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