Dr Mac Endocrine Physiology Pt 1
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cbates2829 on April 28, 2011
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edocrine Part 1
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219 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 List functions of endocrine system. | Help regulate body's metabolic processes. Aids in membrane transport. Regulates water and electrolyte balance. Controls reproduction and development. |
| Where are endocrine glands located? | Brain, neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. |
| List the specific endocrine glands. | Pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, thymus, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, placenta, testes, duodenum and small intestine. |
| What gives rise to development of endocrine system in fetal development? | ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
| Single organ composed of 2 distinct tissue types that secrete different hormones under different controls. | pituitary gland |
| What are the names fo the two portions of the pituitary? | Anterior and posterior |
| The anterior region of the pituitary gland is also called what? | adenohypophysis |
| The posterior region of the pituitary gland is also called what? | neurohypophysis |
| During fetal development, where specifically does the anterior portion of pituitary come from? | ectoderm of oral cavity |
| During fetal development, where specifically does the posterior portion of the pituitary come from? | neuroectoderm of brain |
| During fetal development, where specifically does the thyroid come from? | Endoderm on floor of pharynx |
| During fetal development, where specifically does the pancreas come from? | Endoderm of foregut |
| During fetal development, where specifically does the adrenal medulla come from? | Ectodermal tissue |
| During fetal development, where specifically do the adrenal cortex and the gonads come from? | mesoderm |
| What are glands whose secretions are transported without ducts called? | Endocrine glands |
| Both endocrine and exocrine glands arise from what type of lining? | Epithelial |
| Endocrine cells exhibit some degree of specialization which correlates to what? | Composition of the hormones they secrete |
| What term is used for glands that secrete hormones directly into bloodstream? | Endocrine gland |
| Potent substances secreted by a cell that have a regulatory or metabolic effect on another cell or tissue. | hormone |
| The cells affected by hormones are called what? | target cells |
| Hormones are grouped in what 2 categories? | Steroids and non-steroids |
| What type of cells secrete steroids? | mesodermal |
| How do steroids enter cells? | By diffusion, and then combine with cytoplasmic receptor protein. |
| What activates certain genes, which brings about synthesis of enzymes that control metabolic processes or aid in membrane transport. | Steroids |
| Steroid hormone action model is also called what? | gene activation model |
| Non-steroids are secreted by what type of glands? | ectodermal and mesodermal |
| What enzyme is activated when non-steroids bind with specific receptors in target cell plasma membrane? | adenyl cyclase |
| What does adenyl cyclase convert ATP into? | cAMP |
| cAMP, which is formed by adenyl cyclase converting ATP, is also called what? | second messenger |
| cAMP activates protein kinases which brings about changes in cells. This is called what? | second messenger model |
| What 3 protein kinases are activated by cAMP? | Amines, peptides, and proteins |
| Amines are modified amino acids of epinephrine and norepinephrine that are produced by what specific area of the adrenal gland? | adrenal medulla |
| Short chains of amino acids, antidiuretic hormone , oxytocin, and some hormones of hypothalamus are called what? | peptides |
| Parathyroid hormone, growth hormones, and other hormones of anterior pituitary are what? | proteins |
| When water soluble hormones do not cross the cell membrane, how do they cause effects within the cell? | use second messengers |
| Some hormones such as prostaglandin are made up of lipids of fatty acids and what type of ring? | 5 carbon ring |
| Potent hormone-like effects produced by a wide variety of cells are caused by what type of hormones? | non-steroid hormones such as prostaglandins |
| Non-steroid hormones such as prostaglandins appear to be modulators of hormone action by regulating formation of what? | cAMP |
| Inflammation response, contraction of uterus and intestine, and relaxation of lungs and blood vessels are caused by what type of hormone? | non-steroid |
| What must be given with the drug RU 486 in order to complete abortion process using this drug? | prostaglandin |
| Secretion of all but one hormone is under what kind of feedback control? | negative |
| Some hormones are released in response to what type of impulses? | nervous |
| List 2 gonadotropins. | FSH and LH |
| Which endocrine gland is called the "master" or "chief" gland? | Pituitary |
| Where specifically is the pituitary gland located? | In fossa in sphenoid bone sella turcica |
| How is the pituitary gland attached to the hypothalamus? | by the infundibulum |
| The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also called what? | adenohypophysis |
| The anterior lobe of pituitary gland is derived from where specifically during embryo development? | oral ectoderm of oral cavity of embryo |
| What is the oral ectoderm of oral cavity of empbryo that forms anterior lobe of pituitary also called? | Rathke's pouch |
| What controls the secretions from the ant. pituitary? | hormones from the hypothalamus |
| What are the 3 secondary divisions of the anterior pituitary gland? | Pars distalis, pars intermedia, and the pars tuberalis |
| What division composes nearly 70% of the entire pituitary gland? | pars distalis |
| What specific region of the anterior region of the pituitary gland has somatroph cells that sythesize growth hormone somatotropin? | pars distalis |
| Mammotroph cells that produce lactogenic horme prolactin are found in what specific region of the pituitary? | pars distalis of anterior pituitary gland |
| What specific region of the ant. pituitary secretes MSH and possibly ACTH? | pars intermedia |
| Which specific region of the ant. pituitary contains acidophils, basophils, and chromophobe cells? | pars tuberalis |
| What is the function of the pars tuberalis and the cells acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes? | no known function |
| List the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland: | Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotrophic, follicle stimulating, luteinizing, melanocyte stimulating |
| Which hormone from the ant. pituitary increases rate of protein synthesis, increases fat metabolism, and mobilizes amino acid transport? | Growth hormone |
| What are the 7 hormones produced in the anterior pituitary? | Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| What is the most obvious effect of growth hormone that is produced in ant. pituitary? | on growth plate of long bones |
| What syndrome can be caused by too little growth hormone? | Turner's syndrome |
| What is another name for growth hormone? | Somatotropin |
| What controls growth hormone? | GH releasing factor and GH releasing inhibiting factor |
| What type of effect is it when growth hormone goes directly into fat? | direct effect |
| What type of effect is it when growth hormone goes into the liver before going to bones? | indirect effect |
| Why do athletes use growth hormones? | because it increases rate of protein synthesis and fat metabolism and mobilizes amino acid transport |
| Which protein hormone is secreted by ant. pituitary and stimulates and maintains milk production aned maintains secretion of estrogen and progesterone by ovaries? | Prolactin |
| What hormone secreted by ant. pituitary is controlled by PR1 releasing factor? | Prolactin |
| Its target sites are ovaries and mammary glands. | Prolactin |
| A glycoprotein secreted by ant. pituitary, it controls release of thyroxin by the thyroid gland. | TSH (thyroid stim. hormone) |
| What is the target site of TSH? | thyroid |
| TSH is controlled by what factor? | thyrotropin releasing factor (TRH) |
| Secreted by the ant. pituitary gland, what hormone controls manudfacture and release of hormones of the adrenal cortex? | ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
| What is the target site for ACTH? | adrenal cortex |
| Produced by the ant.pituitary, this hormone is a glycoprotein responsible for growth and development of egg follicles in ovaries and stimulates sperm production in males. | FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) |
| What are the target sites for FSH? | ovaries and testes |
| What is the name of the glycoprotein that causes ovulation and secretion of sex hormones in both sexes? | LH (luteinizing hormone) |
| What hormone affects secretion of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone? | LH |
| What are the target sites for LH? | ovaries and testes |
| What hormone stimulates dispersal of pigment in chromatophores? | MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) |
| What are the target sites for MSH? | melanocytes, which is the melanin in skin |
| Which hormone slide used leopard frogs as an example? | MSH |
| What specific area of what gland develops as an outgrowth of neural ectoderm of the floor of the 3rd ventricle of the brain? | Posterior lobe of pituitary |
| What is another name for the posterior lobe of pituitary gland? | neurohypophysis |
| What are the 3 secondary divisions of the neurohypophysis? | pars nervosa, infundibulum, and the median eminence |
| Which endocrine gland actually has no resemblance to a gland, but is in fact a mass of neuralglial cells called pituicytes that are invaded by nerve fibers arising from the hypothalamus (be specific)? | neurohypophysis (post. lobe of pituitary) |
| Which portion of the pituitary gland does not secrete hormones, but are simply supporting structures? | neurohypophysis (post. lobe of pituitary) |
| Storage sites for oxytocin and vasopressin located in the neurohypophysis are called what? | Herring Bodies |
| What another name for thyroid stimulating hormone? | thyrotropin |
| What is another name for prolactin? | Luteotropic hormone |
| What hormone functions to mature Graffian follicles? | LH |
| What is another name for vasopressin? | ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) |
| Even though it travels via the post. pituitary gland, where does ADH come from? | hypothalamus |
| What are the target sites for ADH? | kidneys |
| A polypeptide that increases wather reabsorption by the kidneys. | ADH |
| In high concentration, what hormone causes vasoconstriction and arterial blood pressure to increase? | ADH |
| What hormone reduces volume and increases concentration of urine and controls fluid loss by kidneys? | ADH |
| What hormone is actually released from the hypothalamus but travels through the post. pituitary gland and causes contraction of uterus during labor and delivery? | Oxytocin |
| Which of the hormones secreted by the post. pituitary gland is the only one that operates by positive feedback loop? | Oxytocin |
| What are the target sites of oxytocin? | uterus and mammary glands |
| What is a commercial form for oxytocin? | pitocin |
| The stimulus for this hormone is the suckling action of an infant. | oxytocin |
| Pitocin is a commercial form of oxytocin used to increase uterine contractions and decrease what? | uterine hemorrhage |
| What is the name of the gland that lies in the upper part of the mediastinum behind the sternum and extends upward into root of neck? | Thymus gland |
| Which gland is fully developed at birth but shrinks as it ages? | thymus gland |
| What hormone stimulates the maturation of the thymus and other lymphoid tissue? | thymosin |
| The effectiveness of T-lymphocytes' response to antigens declines with aging of what gland? | Thymus |
| What gland is located below the larynx and weighs about 20-30 grams? | thyroid |
| What gland increases in size and becomes more active during puberty, pregnancy, and physiologic stress? | thryroid gland |
| The follicles of the thyroid gland are filled with what substance? | colloid |
| What hormone helps regulate cell metabolism, increases rate of release of energy from carbs, increases rate of protein synthesis, and stimulates fat breakdown? | Thyroxin (T4) |
| What hormone is produced by 90% of follicular cells of thyroid? | Thyroxin |
| Are there specific target sites for thyroxin? | No, diffuse throughout the body |
| What hormone is produced by 10% of follicular cells of the thyroid? | Tri-iodothyroxin (T3) |
| Which of the thyroid hormones increases basal metabolic rate? | Tri-iodothyroxin (T3) |
| What hormone helps control homeostasis of bone? | `Calcitonin |
| Which hormone reduces blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity? | Calcitonin |
| Where is calcitonin believed to be produced? | parafollicular or C cells of thyroid gland |
| The bones are the target sites for what hormone? | calcitonin |
| What gland consists of 4 small, yellow-ish brown glands embedded in the thyroid? | Parathyroid |
| The parathyroid glands are derived from which pharyngeal pouches during formation? | 3rd and 4th |
| Which gland secretes hormone that is involved in blood calcium and PO4 levels? | parathyroid |
| What are the 2 types of cells found in the parathyroid gland? | Chief and oxyphilic |
| Which of the 2 types of cells in the parathyroid synthesizes PTH? | Chief cells |
| What is the function of the oxyphilic cells of the parathyroid and when do they appear? | No known function, appear after puberty |
| Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts, but inhibits osteoblastic activity? | PTH (parathormone) |
| This hormone increases blood calcium and decreases phosphate levels. | Parathormone (PTH) |
| What are the target sites for parathormone produced by the parathyroid gland? | bones, kidneys, and digesive tract |
| Low blood calcium levels related to what hormone can result in muscle spasms? | parathormone |
| What are the muscle spasms due to low blood calcium levels called? | tetany |
| What is another name for the adrenal glands? | suprarenal glands |
| Where are the adrenal glands located? | On top of each kidney embedded in fat |
| Name an endocrine gland that is really 2 separate glands that have different functions and arising for different sources. | Adrenal glands |
| Name the 2 parts of the adrenal gland. | Adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla |
| The adrenal medulla is derived from what during development? | mesoderm |
| The adrenal cortex is derived from what during development? | Ectoderm from neural crest walls |
| The adrenal medulla consists of how many types of cells? | 2 |
| What % of adrenal medulla cells produce epinephrine? | 80% |
| The adrenal medulla produces what 2 hormones? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| In large amounts, what 2 hormones elevate body's readiness by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, breathing rate, etc, and is called fight or flight? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What are the target sites of epinephrine? | muscles and liver |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are also called what? | cateholamines |
| Which hormone helps with coping with short term stress? | epinephrine |
| This hormone is also called adrenaline and helps stimulate glucose release. | epinephrine |
| What are the target sites for norepinephrine? | blood vessels |
| Which of the catecholamines constricts blood vessels and increases heart rate? | norepinephrine |
| This catecholamine produced by the adrenal cortex is a major neurotransmitter in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. | norepinephrine |
| Which of the catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla causes a condition for which a person would need an epi-pen? | norepinephrine for anaphylactic shock |
| Name the 3 distinguishable zones of the adrenal cortex. | Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis |
| Which of the zones of adrenal cortex makes up 10-15% of cortical volume? | zona glomerulosa |
| Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids? | adrenal cortex |
| What is the name of the mineralcorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa? | aldosterone |
| Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids? | zona fasciculata |
| What is another name for glucocorticoids secreted by zona fasciculata? | cortisol |
| 75-78% of cortex is located in what zone? | zona fasciculata |
| What is the thinnest, innermost layer of the adrenal cortex called? | zona reticularis |
| The zona fasciculata of the adenal cortex secretes cortisol. What other area of the cortex also secretes cortisol? | zona reticularis |
| The zona reticularis makes up what % of the adrenal cortex? | 7-10% |
| The zona reticularis may also secrete what hormones which have little effect on normal physiological functions | steroid sex hormones |
| Name a mineralocorticoid synthesized by cells of the zona glomerulosa. | aldosterone |
| What is the target site for aldosterone? | Kidneys |
| How does aldosterone function in the blood? | Regulates Na and K levels by conserving Na and excreting K. |
| When conserving Na+, aldosterone increases blood volume, which increases what? | Blood pressure |
| In high concentrations, which hormone synthesized by the zona glomerulosa is a vasoconstrictor? | Aldosterone |
| Where is cortisol produced? | zonas fasciculata and reticularis |
| What glucocorticoid inhibits protein synthesis causing amino acid levels in blood to rise? | cortisol |
| What glucocorticoid promotes the release of fatty acids from adipose? | cortisol |
| What glucocorticoid hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis? | cortisol |
| The synthesis of new glucose from precursors like lactic acid, glycerol, and certain amino acids is called what? | gluconeogenesis |
| What is the target site of cortisol? | general |
| What hormone helps the body to adapt to long term stress? | cortisol |
| Where is DHEA produced and what does it do? | Produced in the adrenal cortex and it stimulates sex drive and induces labor. |
| What is DHEA the abbreviation for? | Dehydroepiandrosterone |
| What endocrine gland has exocrine and endocrine functions? | pancreas |
| Name the part of the pancreas that functions as an endocrine gland. | Islets of Langerhans |
| What forms the pancreas during development of embryo? | outpocketings that originate on opposite sides of the duodenum |
| Name 3 types of cells found in the pancreas that have endocrine functions. | Alpha (glucagon), beta (insulin), and delta (somatostatin) c |
| What is the function of c cells in the Islets of Langerhans? | no known function |
| Which of the cells from pancreas are smallest and most numerous? | Beta (insulin) |
| Which of the pancreas cells are large and prominent? | Alpha (glucagon) |
| Which pancreatic hormone has straight chain polypeptide of 29 amino acids? | glucagon |
| This hormone stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and promotes gluconeogenesis. | Glucagon |
| The actions of this hormone cause blood glucose levels to rise. | glucagon |
| What is the target site of glucagon? | liver and fatty tissues |
| Insulin is made up of how many amino acids? | 51 |
| What hormone stimulates the liver to convert glucose to glycogen? | Insulin |
| What is the cut-off value for diagnosing diabetes? | More than 200 mg/dl along with failure of glucose tolerance test. |
| What hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis and promotes transport of glucose into cells? | insulin |
| What is the target site for insulin? | general, diffuse throughout the body |
| What are 2 other names for Type 1 diabetes? | Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and Juvenile onset diabetes |
| What are 2 other names for Type 2 diabetes? | Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and adult onset diabetes |
| Which type of diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of islet cells? | Type 1 IDDM |
| Which type of diabetes may not require insulin and may be controlled with diet and weight? | Type 2 adult onset |
| What endocrine gland is also called epiphysis cerebri? | Pineal gland |
| What gland develops as outpocketings of roof of diencephalon during development? | pineal gland |
| What structure is the pineal gland attached to? | thalamus |
| What are the 2 types of cells in the pineal gland? | pinealocytes and interstitial (neuroglial) cells |
| What hormone do the pinealcytes secrete and what are its targets? | Melatonin: gonads, pigment cells, and others |
| What hormone regulates reproductive cycles in lower verts and is involved in photoperiodism in reptiles and birds? | pinealcytes |
| This gland is thought to be the regulator of circadian rhythms such as night/day cycles in mammals. | pineal gland |
| Estrogen and progesterone are produced by what organs? | ovaries |
| What is the target site of estrogen? | uterus and general |
| What are the target sites of progesterone? | uterus and breast |
| This hormone stimulates growth of uterine lining. | estrogen |
| This hormone stimulates development of uterine lining. | progesterone |
| How many oocytes may be found in ovaries of a young fetus? | up to 5 million |
| About how many oocytes are ovulated during the reproductive life of an average female? | about 400 |
| What happens to all the oocytes that are not released during a woman's reproductive life? | undergo atresia |
| What type of follicle is surrounded by single layer of squamous or cuboidal cells? | primary follicle |
| During what phase is primary oocyte arrested until puberty? | prophase 1 |
| How long may other primary oocytes remain dormant? | through menopause, at 40-50 yrs |
| What type of follicle has 8-12 layers of granulosa cells? | secondary follicle |
| A mature follicle 10-14 days after enlarging from primordial stage is called what? | Graffian follicle |
| About how many layers of amitotic granulosa cells line this follicle? | Graffian follicle |
| On about what day of an ovarian cycle does ovulation usually occur? | 14 of 28 |
| What is most likely the cause of ovulation? | Surge in LH |
| What is the temporary blood clot that forms immediately after rupture of Graffian follicle called? | corpus hemorrhagicum |
| What happens to the cells that are caught within folds of postovulatory follicles? | They release progesterone and estrogen |
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