1.
acid: ...
2.
activation energy: the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
3.
anions: atoms that gain electrons and end up being negatively charged
EX. F-
4.
base: ...
5.
biochemicals: ...
6.
carbohydrates: ...
7.
catalyst: substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
8.
cations: atoms that lose electrons and end up being positively charged
EX. Na+
9.
chemical bond: the force of attraction that holds two or more atoms together
10.
chemical bonding: the joining of atoms to form new substances
11.
chemical equation: a short, easy way to show a chemical reaction, using symbols instead of words
12.
chemical formula: a combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance
13.
chemical reaction: the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
14.
clues to chemical reactions: gas formation
solid formation - sometimes formed when two solutions react, creating a precipitate
color change
energy change - sometimes energy is released during reactions
15.
coefficients: the numbers that are placed in front of the formulas in an equation in order to balance it; acts like a multiplier
16.
covalent bond: a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
usually between non-metals
17.
covalent compound: a chemical compound formed by the sharing of electrons
18.
crystal lattice: a repeating three-dimensional pattern of ions formed by ionic compounds
19.
decomposition reaction: a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
EX. H2CO3 --> H2O + CO2
20.
diatomic molecule: the simplest molecules- two atoms of the same element bonded together
all gasses are found diatomically
"di" means two
EX. O2, Cl2, F2
21.
double-replacement reaction: a reaction in which ions in two compounds switch places
products of the reaction is often a gas or precipitate (solid)
EX. NaCl + AgNO3 --> NaNO3 + AgCl
22.
endothermic: a chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed
"endo" go in "thermic" heat/energy
23.
exothermic: a chemical reaction in which energy is released or removed; primarily given off in the form of heat
"exo" go out/exit "thermic" heat/energy
24.
factors affecting rates of reaction: temperature - an increase in temp increases the rate of a reaction b/c at higher temps, particles of reactants move faster, so they collide with each other more frequently with more energy
concentration - an increase in concentration increases the rate of reaction b/c the distance between particles is less so particles collide more often
surface area - increase in surface area of solid reactants increase the rate of reaction
catalysts - speeds up reaction/ lowers activation energy of a reaction
inhibitors- slows down/stops a chemical reaction
25.
hydrocarbons: ...
26.
hydrogen bond: ...
27.
hydronium ion: ...
28.
hydrophilic: ...
29.
hydrophobic: ...
30.
hydroxide ion: ...
31.
inhibitor: a substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction
32.
ionic bonds: the force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions
usually between metals/non-metals
33.
ionic compound: a compound composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal
forms a crystal lattice
34.
ions: electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
35.
law of conservation of energy: the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed
36.
law of conservation of mass: the law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes
37.
least common multiple: ...
38.
lipids: ...
39.
litmus paper: ...
40.
metallic bond: the force of attraction between a positively (+) charged metal ion and the electrons in a metal
valence levels overlap, so some electrons can move freely throughout the metal
the better the flow of electrons = the better conductor it is
41.
molecule: the simplest particle of a covalent compound
42.
nucleic acids: ...
43.
organic compound: ...
44.
oxidation: loss of electrons
45.
oxidation number: the amount of electrons that will be gained or lost; the final charge
46.
pH: ...
47.
polyatomic ions: ions that are made of more than one atom
48.
products: ending materials in a chemical reaction
49.
proteins: ...
50.
reactants: the starting materials in a chemical reaction; starting substances
51.
redox reaction: EX.
Na + F --> Na+ + F- --> NaF
Na has been oxidized/F has been reduced
52.
reduction (or redox): gain of electrons
53.
salt: ...
54.
single-replacement reaction: a reaction in which an element takes the place of another element that is part of a compound
EX. Zn + 2HCl --> ZnCl2 + H2
55.
subscript: the small number written to the lower right of a chemical symbol
56.
synthesis reaction (or composition): a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound
EX. 2Na + Cl2 --> 2NaCl
57.
theory: idea that explains something and is supported by data
58.
valence electrons: electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
if you know the groups, you know the # of valence electrons!
they're responsible for chemical bonding
atoms "want" to be stable
