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land bridge migrants from Asia crossed this which was connected to Siberia and ALaska. First Native Americans -adapted to varied environments -divided into hundreds of tribes -spoke different languages -had different cultures -50-75 million people Native American Settlement Most lived in semi permanent settlements with small populations not exceeding 300. -Men made tools and hunted -Women grew crops (corn beans tobacco) -Some were nomadic (Sioux and Pawnee followed buffalo) Complex NA cultures -Pueblos in Southwest lived in multistoried buildings and developed intricate irrigation systems -Iroquois tribes formed confederacy- League of the Iroquois- withstood attacks from other NAs and Euros. Complex Moundbuiliding cultures -East Coast--> Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian tribes- evolved in Mississippi and Ohio River valleys and elsewhere. -Hunting, fishing, agriculture made many settlements permanent- Like CAHOKIA (present day Illinois) which was the largest, with 30,000 inhabitants Central/SOuth American NA (C/SA N.A.) -had greater numbers of NA than those in North Amer and the majority of them lived in complex civilizations. -organized societies -scientific C/SA N.A. Mayas AD 300-800 built remarkable cities in rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula C/SA N.A Aztecs Central Mexico -ruled over vast empires Their capital- Tenochtitlan- was = in size and pop to largest cities of europe C/SA N.A. Incas Peru- ruled over fast empires Vikings They settled in North America and in Greenland around the year 1000 but made no lasting impact. -Erik the Red lead his people to the New World -Leif Erikson expanded the search further Renaissance Rebirth of classical learning and an outburst of artistic and scientific activity. -Height of creativity was late 1400s and early 1500s -Increase in scientific knowledge and technological change -GUNPOWDER, SAILING COMPASS, PRINTING PRESS Religious Conflict Reconquista: reconquering of Spain by catholics Europe troubled by Ottoman Turks and Protestant revolt against Papal authority. Catholics in SPain Isabelle (Castile) and Ferdinand (Aragon) united separate Christian kingdoms. 1492 -Columbus sails -Isabella and Ferdinand defeat Moors of Grenada Protestant Revolt/Reformation Early 1500 Revolt in christians in Germany, England, Franch, Holland who disliked the authority of the Pope. -Conflicts between catholics and protestants= religious wars Increased Trade Competition in Europe to trade with Africa, India, China. -Before: overland route from Venice to Constantinople (blocked in 1453 when Turks got constantinople) Henry the Navigator Portugal prince who sponsored voyages to find new routes to trade. -Found long sea route by SA's Cape of Good Hope Vasco Da Gama Portuguese Sea Captain was first to reach India by sea route Balboa First spaniard to see Pacific Ocean from Central America 1513 Magellan First spaniard to recorded circumnavigation of the globe 1519-1522 Cortez Spaniard Conquered and claimed Mexico 1519 Pizarro Spaniard Conquered and claimed Peru 1531 De Soto First Spaniardto explore Mississippi River 1541