CST IA Paper 2: Windows NT Case Study
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25 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Hardware Abstraction Layer | Layer of software which hides the details of underlying hardware |
| Kernel Mode | HAL, Kernel and Executive |
| Kernel | Execution is never preempted, responsibilities: CPU scheduling, interrupt & exception handling, low-level processor synchronisation, system recovery |
| Process | Unit of resource ownership, has a security token, virtual address space, set of resources (object handles) and one or more threads |
| Thread | Unit of dispatching, has a scheduling state, scheduling parameters, context slot and an associated process, lightweight (easier to create/delete than process) |
| All threads in a process | share address space and object handles (co-operative) |
| CPU Scheduling | Priorities 16-31 are static, priorities 1-15 are dynamic, quantum of 20ms, threads have priority which is boosted after I/O then decays after each quantum |
| Object | used to represent every resource, each object is protected by an access control list |
| Object Manager | Creates objects and object handles, performs security checks, tracks which processes are using each object, manages hierarchical namespace |
| Object Namespace | Shared between all processes, implemented via directory objects, symbolic link objects allow multiple names for the same object |
| Security Reference Manager | every time a process opens handle to an object, check process's security token against object's ACL |
| Local Procedure Call Facility | passes requests and results between client and server processes within a single machine, used to request services from NT environmental subsystems |
| Process Manager | services for creating/deleting and using threads and processes, no concept of parent/child or process hierarchy (flexible) |
| Virtual Memory Manager | services to allocate and free virtual memory, modify per-page restrictions, manage sharing |
| I/O Manager | responsible for file systems, cache management and device drivers, asychronous: I/O operations split into request/response |
| Cache Manager | caches virtual blocks, completely unified cache |
| FAT File | Linked list of clusters (set of 2ⁿ contiguous disk blocks) |
| FAT | each entry contains an index to another entry within FAT or EOF or FREE. Directory entries contain index into FAT |
| FAT16 | 2 bytes per entry, handles partitions up to (2¹⁶ x clustersize), root directory follows FAT |
| FAT32 | 4 bytes per entry, handle very large partitions even with small cluster size, can locate root directory anywhere within partition, can use backup copy so more fault tolerant, |
| NTFS File | Structured object consisting of set of attribute/value pairs of variable length |
| NTFS | Volume is a logical disk partition which can span a portion of a disk, or 1 or more entire disks. All file records are stored in a special file called the Master File Table which is indexed by a unique 64 bit file reference |
| NTFS Recovery | Before altering data structure, transaction writes a log record with redo/undo info, after it has been changed a commit record is written to the log, meaning after a crash the system can be restored to a consistent state |
| Environmental Subsystems | User mode processes layered over the NT executive services to enable NT to run programs developed for other OSs |
| Executive | contains I/O Manager, VM Manager, Object Manager, Process Manager, File System Drivers, Cache Manager, Security Manager and LPC Facility |
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