Basic Concepts and hydrocarbons
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23 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Hydrocarbons | ... are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only |
| Saturated hydrocarbon | ... is a hydrocarbon with a single bond only |
| Unsaturated hydrocarbon | ... is a hydrocarbon containing carbon to carbon multiple bonds |
| Aliphatic hydrocarbon | ... is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight (unbranched) or branched chains |
| Alicyclic hydrocarbon | ... is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure |
| Functional group | ... is the part of the organic molecules responsible for its chemical reactions |
| Homologous series | ... is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group with each success member differing by CH₂and they have a similar chemical properties |
| Alkanes | ... are the homologous series with the general formula C(n)H(₂n+₂) They are saturated straight chained hydrocarbons |
| Nomenclature | ... is a system of naming compounds |
| Alkyl group | ... is an alkane with a hydrogen atom removed |
| General Formula | e.g.'s Alkane: C(n) H(₂n+₂) Alkene: C(n) H(₂n) Alocohol: C(n) H(₂n+₁)OH |
| Displayed formula | ... shows the relative positioning of all atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them |
| Structural formula | ... shows the minimal detail for the arrangements of atoms in a molecule e.g. Propane= CH₃CH₂CH₃ |
| Skeletal formula | ... is a simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups. |
| Structural isomerism | ... are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms |
| Stereoisomers | ... are compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space |
| E/Z Isomerism | ... is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond maybe arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond E= entgegen =opposite Z= zusammen =together |
| Cis-trans isomerism | ... is a special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of a C=C double bond: -cis isomer (Z isomer) has the H atoms on each carbon on the same side -trans isomer (E isomer) has the H atoms on each carbon on different sides |
| Homolytic fission | ... is the breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals. The 2 species are of the same type: homo=same |
| Radical | ... is a species with an unpaired electron A single dot is often written next to the species to represent the unpaired electron |
| Heterolytic fission | ... is the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation (+ion) and an anion (-anion) The 2 species are different: hetero=different |
| Nucleophile | ... is an atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to from a new covalent bond. |
| Electrophile | ... |
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