AP European History: Chapter 16: Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe
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lizrhershey on May 1, 2011
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chapter 16 terms and notes
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89 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 "Age of Crisis" | what the seventeeth century is often refered to as |
| moral economy | the vision of a world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit |
| popular revolts | revolts that were extremely common caused by shortages of food or the prices of bread |
| absolutism | dervied from the traditional assumption of power (heirs to the throne) and the belief in the "divine right" of kings |
| Jean Bodin (1530-1596) | among the first to provide a theoretical basis for absolutist states; believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey the government (strong central gov't); french |
| Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) | wrote Leviathan; pessimistic view of human beings: believed that people are truely evil at the root and need a string government to control them |
| Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704) | principle advocate of "divine right of kings" in France; uses the bible to justify it |
| divine right of kings | the idea that the king was placed on the throne by god and therefore owed his authority to no man or group |
| first estate | one of the three estates in France; the clergy; 1% of the population |
| second estate | one of the three estates in France; the nobility; 4% of the population |
| third estate | one of the three estates in France; the bourgeoisie (middle class), artisans, urban workers, and peasants |
| the estates | a hierarchy of social orders based on rank and privilege; restored under Henry IV |
| Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) (r. 1586-1610) | laid the foundation for France becoming the strongest European power in the seventeenth century; first king of the Bourbon dynasty; converted from Calvanism to Catholicism; issued Edict of Nantes (1598); assassinated in 1610 by a fanatical monk who wanted revenge for the Edict of Nantes |
| Edict of Nantes (1598) | issued by Henry IV; allowed an amount of religious toleration to the Huguenots (French Calvanists) |
| nobility of the sword | the old nobility who lost power under the reign of Henry IV; were not allowed to influence the royal council |
| nobility of the robe | new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy; they became high officials in the government and were loyal to the king |
| Duke of Sully (1560-1641) | finance minister whos reforms enhanced the power of the monarchy |
| Mercantilism | state control over a country's economy in order to achieve a favorable balancew of trade with other countries |
| Marie de' Medici | ruled as a regent after Henry IV's assassination for their son Louis XIII |
| Louis XIII (1610-1643) | put into effect what was to happen in Louis XIV's reign; regency was full of corruption and eventually exiled his regent mother; Cardinal Richelieu was with him his entire reign |
| Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) | laid the foundation for absolutism in France; was a plitique; created the intendant system |
| politique | one who places political issues ahead of religious principles |
| intendant system | creaded by Richelieu; used to weaken the nobility; replaced local officials with civil servants (intendants) who reported directly to the king; made government more efficient and centrally controlled |
| Peace of Alais (1629) | Huguenots lost their fortified cities and protestant armies; were still allowed to practice Calvanism; issued by Richelieu |
| Louis XIV (r. 1643- 1715) | the "sun king"; quintessential absolute ruler in European History; personified the idea that soverignty of the state resides in the ruler; strong believer in divine right of kings; "L' etat, c'est moi"; helped France become undisouted major power; longes reign in European history |
| "L' etat, c'est moi" | "I am the state"; quote of Louis XIV |
| Fronde (1640's) | a French Civil War; the revolution of nobles against Cardinal Mazarin when Louis XIV was a child; Louis never forgot humiliation and vowed to control the nobility |
| Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) | controled France while Louis XIV was a child; caused nobles to revolt agaisnt him creating the Fronde |
| corvee | forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects |
| Versailles Palace | palace built under the reign of Louis XIV; with its baroque architecture the palaces the most impressive in all of Europe; helped Louis XIV keep an eye on the nobles who were forced to stay there for part of the year |
| Edict of Fountainbleau (1685) | revoked Edict of Nantes; Huguenots lost their rights to practice Calvanism; |
| Jansenists | Catholics who held some Calvanist ideas |
| bullionism | a nations policy of accumulating as much precious metal (gold and silver) as possilbe while preventing its outward flow to other countries |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1661-1683) | Louis XIV's finance minister under which French mercantilism reached its height; his goal was economic self-sufficiency for France |
| balance of power | a balance in which no one country would be allowed to dominate the continent since a coaliton of other countrire would rally against a threatening power |
| War of Devolution (First Dutch War) (1667-1668) | the event in which Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) without declaring war |
| Second Dutch War (1672-1678) | the event in which Louis XIV invaded the southern Netherlands as revenge for Dutch oppositiion in ther previous war |
| Peace of Nijmegan (1678-1679) | represented the furthest limit to the expansion of Louis XIV |
| War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) | in response to another invasion of the Spanis Netherlands by Louis XIV in 1683 the League of Augsburg formed in 1686: HRE, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, Dutch Republic; war ended with status quo the same as prior to the war |
| War of Spanish Succesion (1701-1713) | caused by the will of Charles II (Hapsburg king) giving all Spanish territories to the grandson of Louis XIV; then a fear of a consolidation of the Spanish and French thrones |
| Grand Alliance | emerged in opposition to France: England, Dutch Republic, HRE, Brandenburg, Portugal, Savory |
| Battle of Blenheim (1704) | a turning point in the War of Spanish Succesion begining a series of military defeats for France |
| Treat of Utrecht (1713) | maintained the balance of power in Europe and ended the expansionism of Lous XIV |
| Excorial Palace | build by Philip II to demonstrate his power |
| price revolution | inflation that hurt domestin industtries that were unable to export goods |
| Spanish Armada (1588) | when England defeated a large fleet of Spanish ships which marks the begining of the decline of the Spanish empire |
| Treaty of Pyranees (1659) | marked end of Spain as a great power |
| Baroque | art that reflected the age of absolutism; originally to teach in aconcrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic church |
| Bernini (1598-1650) | personified baroque architecture and sculptor; statue of David |
| Schonbrunn | built in response to the Versailles palace |
| Winter Palace | built in Russia by Peter the Great which was influenced by the Versailles |
| Carvaggio (1571-1610) | Italian painter; perhaps first important painter of the baroque era |
| Peter Paul Reubens (1577-1640) | Flemish painter |
| Diego Velazquez (1599-1660) | Spanish painter; perhaps the greatest court painter of the era |
| J.S. Bach (1685-1750) | greatest of the baroque composers |
| constitutionalism | government power islimited by law; there is a selicate balance between the power of goevernment and the rights and liberties of individuals |
| gentry | wealthy landonwers in the countryside who dominated politics in the House of Commons |
| House of Commons | Englands lower house in Parliament |
| Stuart Dynasty | ruled england for most of the seventeenth century |
| James I (James VI of Scotland) (r. 1603-1625) | english king who believed strongly in the divine right of kings and absolutism; he twice disloved parliament over tax issues |
| Charles I (r. 1625-1649) | son of James I and also claomed divine right of kings |
| Petition of Right (1628) | parliament attempted to encourage the king to grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases |
| ship money | all countries now required to pay to outfit ships where before only coastal communities had paid |
| English Civil War | the event occuring when Charles tried to arrest several Puritans in Parliament but a crown of 4,000 came the their defense; caused Charles to declare war in 1642 against his opponents in the parliament |
| Cavaliers | supported the king in the English Civil War |
| Roundheads | opposed the king in the English Civil War (Calvanists) |
| Oliver Cromwell | military leader of the Roundheads who led the New Model Army to victory in 1649 |
| Pride's Purge (1648) | elements of the New Model Army removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians from parlianemt leaving a "rump parliament" with only 1/5 of the members remaining |
| Levellers | radical religiious revolutionaries; sought social and political reforms and a more egalitarian society |
| Diggers | denied Parliants authority and rejected private ownership of land |
| Quakers | believed in an "inner light," a divine spark that exists within each person; pacifists |
| The Interregnum (1649-1660) | rule without king under Oliver Cromwell; the Puritans and army ruled |
| The Protectorate (1653-1659) | Oliver Cromwell, lord protector; a dictatorship |
| Charles II (r. 1660-1685) | restored onto the english throne in 1660 after Cromwells rules |
| Clarendon Code (1661) | instituted by monarchists and Anglicans to drive out all Puritans out of both political and religious life |
| Test Act of 1673 | excluded those unwilling to recieve the sacrament of the Church of Angland from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings |
| Habeas Corpus Act (1679) | installed when the parliament sought to limit Chales power |
| James II (r. 1685-1688) | sought to return England to Catholicism; only reigned three years |
| Glorious Revolution (1688) | the final act on the struggle for political sovereighnty in England; James II was forced to abdicate the throne |
| William and Mary | declared joint sovereigns by parliament |
| Bill of Rights (1689) | England became a constitutional monarchy |
| John Locke (Second Treatise of Covol Government) | stated that the people create the government to pretect their "natural rights" of life, liberty, and property |
| Toleration Act of 1689 | granted the right to worship for pretestant non-conformists (not for catholics, jews, or unitarians) |
| Act of Settlement (1701) | states that if King William or his sister in-law Anne died without children then the crown would pass to the granddaughter of James I, the Hanoverian electress dowager or to her protestant heirs; Stuarts no longer in line for succession |
| Act of Union (1707) | united Britan and Scotland into Great Britan |
| Robert Walpole | the first Prime Minister in British history |
| stadtholder | governor |
| Amsterdam | became the banking and commercial center of Europe |
| Gustavus Adolphus (r. 1611- 1632) | reorganized the Swedish government |
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