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seismic waves Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake. pressure The force exerted on a surface divided by the area over which the force is exerted. crust The layer of rock that forms Earth's outer surface. basalt A dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine texture, found in oceanic crust. granite A usually light-colored igneous rock that is found in continental crust. mantle The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core. lithosphere A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust. asthenosphere The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats. outer core A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth. inner core A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth. radiation The transfer of energy through space. conduction The transfer of heat within a material or between materials that are touching. convection The transfer of heat by movement of a fluid. density The amount of mass in a given space; mass per unit volume. convection current The movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another.