micro lab final
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108 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 GALnase and PaPase enzymes | enzymes detected by the identicult biochemical test |
| Locations in body where C. Albicans is present | mouth (oropharangeal) invasive (infection in blood stream and organs) and vulvovaginal infections (vaginal yeast infections) |
| groups of people can develop cadidiasis | mostly present in those with a weakened immune system or a healthy new born |
| ALU insert | DNA insert detected by isolating DNA from cheek cells |
| why PCR is used on DNA sample | PCR makes use of the same basic processes that cells use to duplicate their DNA |
| purpose of specific primers in PCR | the primers anneal to the separated template strands and serve as starting points for DNA Taq replication by DNA polymerase |
| denaturing | the reaction mixture is heated at 94 c for 1 minute which results in the melting or separating of the double stranded DNA template into 2 single stranded molecules |
| annealing | the oligonucleotide primers anneal to or find their complementary sequences on 2 single stranded template strands of DNA. In these annealed positions they can act as primers for TAq DNA polymerase 60c |
| extension step | the job of TAq DNA polymerase is to add nucleotides one at a time to the primer to create a complementary copy of the DNA template 72 c |
| how one analyzes results in gel electrophoresis | by examining the length the ALU inserts have traveled |
| the basis of separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis | the size of ALU fragments and how far they have traveled |
| phenylethyl alcohol | selective ingredient in PEA |
| eosin and methylene blue dyes | selective ingredient in EMB |
| gram positive bacteria | type of bacteria PEA is selective for |
| gram negative bacteria | type of bacteria EMB is selective for |
| EMB differential factor | fermentable sugars lactose and sucrose |
| BAP differential factor | red blood cells |
| alpha hemolysis | greenish areas around colonies |
| beta hemolysis | clear "halos" around colonies |
| gamma hemolysis | no hemolysis at all, colonies grow normally |
| chocolate agar | an enrichment medium which will enhance the growth of desired bacteria |
| enterobacteriacea and coliforms | type of bacteria differentiated using EMB |
| aerobic and anarobic | two conditions that can be created in an anaerobic jar |
| purpose of methylene blue tablet in anaerobic jar | to generate Co2 |
| transformation | the intake of free DNA by a bacterium (recipient) |
| competent cell | what kind of cell produced when the cell wall of bacteria becomes permeable to take the free DNA. they can be made competent by treating cells with ice cold calcium chloride |
| amp resistance gene and beta gal gene | marker genes present in pBlu plasmid |
| X gal | the substrate for beta gal enzyme, this is converted to a blue colored chemical compound by beta gal enzyme |
| blue colonies on the plate | indicate that the cells are transformed on LB/AMP/X gal medium |
| Disk Diffusion Method | method used to test the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent |
| zone of inhibition | area around the disk with inhibited bacteria growth after incubation |
| why Mueller-Hinton agar is used for Kirby Bauer method | MHA is used because diffusion of antimicrobial drug is better in MHA as compared to other media |
| disinfection | chemical agents that lower number of microbes especially pathogens on a non living surface or from inanimate objects |
| antiseptics | chemical agents that lower the number of microbes on living tissue |
| degerming | to eliminate germs (microorganisms) from skin |
| noscomial infection | hospital acquired infections most commonly spread by direct contact |
| transient microbiota | obtained by handling objects, present on skin for a short period of time |
| resident microbiota | more or less a permanent microorganism on skin |
| purpose of handwashing | to remove all transient microbiota and to reduce the number of resident microbiota from skin |
| detection of oxidative users in OF deep | yellow or slightly yellow |
| detection of fermentive users in OF deep | yellow or slightly yellow also |
| detection of peptone users in OF deep | blue color shows that bacteria are peptone and nonsaccharolytic |
| what can be detected by using OF deeps | if bacteria use oxidative catabolism, perform fermentation, or are peptone users |
| purpose of MRVP tests | to detect mixed acids produced as a result of fermentation |
| methyl red reagant | the reagent used in MRVP tests, positive result remains red under acidic ph (4.2) and turns yellow (6.2) indicating negative |
| purpose of VP test | detects production of the PH neutral compound acetonin as a result of fermentation |
| alpha naphthol and KOH | reagents used in VP test. Bacteria giving a positive test ferment sugar and produce acid that is further converted into acetonin, red color indicates positive, while brown indicates negative |
| enterobacteriaceae | type of bacteria commonly differentiated using MRVP test |
| Catalyze enzyme | converts hydrogen peroxide that is produced during aerobic respiration into oxygen and water |
| aerobic and facultative bacteria | bacteria types that have catalyze enzyme |
| obligate anerarobes | cant survive in the presence of O2 because hydrogen peroxided produced kils them, lacks catalyze enzyne as does aerotolerant anaerobes |
| purpose of catalase in bacteria | to convert hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water |
| purpose of cytochrome C oxidase enzyme in bacteria | to be a part of the electron transport chain in aerobic cell respiration during which it transfers electrons to oxygen and reduces oxygen to water |
| positive result of oxidase test | the colorless reagent turns purple |
| purpose of nitrate reduction test | to convert nitrate from other gram negative rods |
| products of nitrate reduction | nitrite, nitric oxide, molecular nitrogen |
| when Zn dust is used to analyze results of nitrate reduction | Zinc behaves like nitrate reductase enzyme and reduces left over nitrate in the broth to nitrite whenever nitrate reductase enzyme is absent |
| how can one tell when nitrogen gas is present in nitrate broth | bubbles |
| medium use in citrate test | simmons citrate agar |
| purpose of citrate test | to determine the ability of an organism to use citrate as its sole source of carbon |
| positive test of citrate test | color change of green to blue |
| Ph where citrate test changes from green to blue | green (6.9) to blue (7.6) |
| decarboxylation | the removal of carboxyl group from an amino acid |
| end product of decarboxylation | alakaline product and release of carbon dioxide |
| purple | color that indicates decarboxylation has happened |
| decarboxylase enzyme (orothine) | enzyme involved in the decarboxylation of orinthine |
| urease | enzyme used in urea hydrolysis |
| end product of urea hydrolysis | ammonia and carbon dioxide |
| phenol red | ph indicator dye used in urea hydrolysis |
| 8.4 | ph where media color orange changes to hot pink in urea hydrolysis |
| 3 activities detected by SIM deep | sulfur reduction, indole production, and motility of bacteria |
| hydrogen sulfide | product produced as a result of sulfur reduction |
| how hydrogen sulfide gas production is detected in the medium of SIM deep | hydrogen sulfide reacts with iron sulfate in the medium and reduces it to iron sulfide that appears as black precipitate on medium |
| tryptophanase enzyme | enzyme involved in indole production of SIM deep |
| kovacs reagent | reagent used to detect indole production of SIM deep |
| purpose of snyder agar | snyder agar contains dextrose as a fermentable carbohydrate and its starting ph is an acidic 4.8 |
| observation suggesting dental decay | if a patient has a high susceptibility to dental disease their tube will be yellow just after 24 hours in synder test |
| streptococci and lactobacilli | two types of bacteria involved in causing dental carries, identified during snyder test |
| staphylococcus aureus | bacteris isolated using mannitol salt agar |
| high salt content | selective ingredient in mannitol salt agar |
| mannitol | fermented mannitol red turns yellow; differential ingredient in mannitol salt agar |
| enterobacteriaceae | macconkey agar is selective for this type of bacteria |
| bile salts and crystal violet dye | selective ingredients in MacConkey agar |
| the enterics ability to ferment lactose sugar | basis on which bacteria are differentiated in macconkey agar |
| coliforms | used in macconkey agar, ferment lactose, turn pink as they grow |
| enterics | used in macconkey agar, dont ferment lactose and are the same color as the medium |
| ELISA | enzyme linked immunosorbent assay |
| purpose of indirect ELISA | to detect antibodies in the blood stream and determine if one has been exposed to a disease |
| applications of ELISA | pregnancy tests, disease detection in people animals and plants, detecting illegal drug test use, testing indoor air quality and determining if food is labeled properly |
| primary antibodies | antibodies used to recognize antigens like disease agents |
| secondary antibodies | antibodies that recognize and bind to the primary antibodies |
| purpose of tagging secondary antibodies | to produce a blue color in the presence if its substrate TMB |
| to avoid false negatives and keep things dilluted | importance of washing steps in ELISA |
| coagulase and protein A | 2 factors in the bacterium that result in a positive Staphaurex test |
| coagulase | reacts with fibrinogen in human blood to cause aggregation of the bacteria |
| protein A | found in cell wall, binds to Fc stem end of IgG antibodies, interfering with opsonization of the bacterium by those antibodies |
| test reagent of staphaurex test | polysterene latex particles coated with human fibrinogen and igG |
| positive result of Staph test | almost instantaneous agglutination of latex particles |
| streptococci and enterococci | two groups of bacteria identified with AE-PYR test |
| PYR | substrate present in the reaction card that is hydrolized by bacteria to show a positive result |
| 2 enzymes present in C. albicans | GALnase and PAPase and are detected by identicult albicans biochemical test |
| purpose of Taq polymerase enzyme in PCR | to add new nucleotide to growing DNA strand |
| dNTP | denatured nucleoside tri phosphates |
| purpose of PCR in crime scene investigation | to get enough DNA to gain suspects on a molecular level |
| H2s | Sulfur reduction into this by bacteria is detected by black precipitate in SIM deep |
| Citrate is utilized by bacteria when | in simmons citrate slant growth on the slant and or appearance of blue color after incubation indicates that... |
| hydrogen peroxide and isopropyl alcohol | antimicrobial agent is most effective against staphylococcus carnosis based on a 25 mm zone of diameter |
| MIC | minimum inhibitory concentration of drug |
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