Ninja Patho [FINAL]
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Created by:
greenlocus on May 2, 2011
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144 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anaerobic | w/o O2 |
| Aerobic | w/ O2 |
| Hypovolemic Shock | shock caused by severe blood or fluid loss |
| Hypovolemic Shock Compensation | Liver and spleen add to the blood volume by disgorging stored RBCs and Plasma |
| Hypovolemic Shock RAAS | RAAS compensates for hypovolemic shock by stimulating ALDOSTERONE release, which RETAINS NA+ and WATER to increase blood volume. RAAS > Aldosterone > ↑ Na+ and H20 > ↑ Blood Volume |
| Oliguria | Low urine output Can be caused by shock via decreasing perfusion to the kidneys |
| Prerenal failure | ↓ perfusion to kidneys |
| Septic Shock | ↓ Tissue perfusion as a result of severe infection and sepsis. - Follows infection |
| Cardiogenic Shock | pump failure Follows MI |
| Anaphylactic Schock | Allergic response More sever than other forms of shock bc it is sudden, rapid systemic VASODILATION. Follows widespread HYPERSENSITIVITY reaction |
| Vasogenic Shock | Over-stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system Or Under-stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system ↑ PSNS -- or -- ↓SNS |
| Shock (Circulatory) | serious, life-threatening medical condition defined as an inadequate perfusion of tissues which is insufficient to meet cellular metabolic needs. |
| Neurogenic Shock | Neurogenic shock is the rarest form of shock. It is caused by trauma to the spinal cord resulting in the sudden loss of autonomic and motor reflexes below the injury level. Without stimulation by sympathetic nervous system the vessel walls relax uncontrollably, resulting in a sudden decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, leading to vasodilation and hypotension |
| Vasogenic Shock | shock exists because of the severe reduction in effective circulating blood volume caused by sequestration of blood and other fluids in the vascular system and their withdrawal from the circulating blood. Is the classical shock of traumatic injury, burns, uterine prolapse, extensive surgery. Teacher: "Example: Spinal nerve impulse causing vasodilation" |
| Neurogenic Shock | Follows parasympathetic stimulation |
| Hypovolemic Shock | Follows major burns Lose lots of volume via burns/bleed out |
| MODs | multi-organ dysfunction |
| MODs | Impaired perfusion is the primary mechanism that causes organ injury. A spiral that occurs following uncontrolled shock |
| Burns 1st Degree | Outer layer but not all the way through. Skin = red. Swelling/Pain |
| Burns 2nd Degree | (Superficial) 1st layer of skin burnt through second layer of skin (dermis) partially burnt Blisters, intense redness, splotchy |
| Burns 3rd Degree | All layers of skin and cause perm. tissue dmg. Fat, muscle, and bone may be affected. Charred black or dry white. Smoke inhalation may accompany burn: difficult inhale/exhale, and CO poisoning. |
| Scald Burns | hot grease, boiling water |
| Contact Burns | cigarette, curling iron |
| Flame Burns | flammable liquid, gasoline |
| Electrical Burns | direct contact with high and low voltage current |
| Chemical Burns | corrosive agent - think acid |
| Hyperthermic Injury | heat injury - overheating |
| Heat Stroke | "Most life threatening injury" caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. is is a medical emergency. the body is unable to eliminate the excess heat, and internal body temp. rises to/over 150 degrees |
| Heat Cramps | painful muscle spasms which usually affect arms, legs, or stomach. Sweating depletes the bodies salt and moisture. |
| Heat Exhaustion | Still sweats. Weakness, fatigue, nausea, headache |
| Heat Rash | prickly heat |
| Hyperplasia | extra cells, ↑ number |
| Hypertrophy | ↑ Size |
| Dysplasia | abnormality of development |
| Metaplasia | Reversible placement of one mature cell type with another cell type. Not pathologic. |
| Pathologic Atrophy | is commonly caused by disuse |
| Malignant Cells | ↑ mitotic index (proliferate faster) (bunnies) |
| Kussmaul Respirations | Deep, rapid respirations Occurs in metabolic acidosis to ↓ CO2 and thereby reduce carbonic acid. metabolic acidosis > rapid resp > ↓ CO2 > ↓ carbonic acid |
| Autosomal Dominant | males = females no skipped generations goes to 1/2 of their offspring 50-50 chance |
| Stages of Cancer | Carcinoma in situ: preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors (e.g. cervical) Stage 1 - cancer formed Stage 2 - lymph nodes Stage 3 - spread to regional structures Stage 4 - distant metastasis |
| Carcinoma in situ | Preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors Ex: Cervical |
| Stage 1 Cancer | Cancer is formed - what stage? |
| Stage 2 Cancer | Cancer spread to lymph nodes - what stage? |
| Stage 3 Cancer | Cancer spread to regional structures - what stage? |
| Stage 4 Cancer | Cancer shows distant metastasis - what stage? |
| T Cells | Thymus is the central lymphoid organ for what type of cell? |
| Prevalence Rate | Proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time |
| Incidence Rate | Number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period of time (usually one year) |
| Serous | Exudate: clear, watery |
| Serosanguinous | Exudate: clear, watery fluids mixed with blood |
| Hemorrhagic | Exudate: blood |
| Suppurative | Exudate: PUS - present during bacterial infection |
| Nociceptive Pain | impulses arising from skin, muscle, joints, arteries, and viscera in response to chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematous | is an autoimmune disease |
| Conductive Hearing Loss | occurs when a change in the outer or middle ear impairs sound from being conducted from the outer to inner ear. |
| Hyponatremia | CMs Confusion, irritability, depression, headache, seizures |
| Hypernatremia | CMs Hypotension, fever, tachycardia |
| Hypokalemia | CMs Absent bowel sounds, skeletal muscle weakness, bradycardia |
| Hypomagnesemia | Depression, confusion, irritability, increased reflexes, tetany |
| Hypercalcemia | Fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, varying degrees of heart block |
| Brain Abscess | via Complication of mastoiditis |
| Mastoiditis | inflammation of the mastoid process or bone |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | is an Opportunistic Infection Relates to a ↓ immune system |
| Meningitis | infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection |
| Meningitis | CNS manifestation of tuberculosis |
| Encephalitis | inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus |
| Encephalitis | Mosquito-borne Viral infection VIRAL |
| Lyme Disease | Tick-borne bacterial infection BACTERIAL |
| Schizophrenia | Involves psychotic episodes |
| Mania | ↑ levels of Euphoria |
| Depression | Unremitting feeling of sadness and despair |
| Panic Disorder | Intensive autonomic arousal including: light headedness dyspnea generalized sweating racing heart Take home: ______ disorder affects body, not just in your head |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | repetitive intrusive thoughts ex. wash hands over and over |
| Acromegaly | excessive growth hormone caused by pituitary gland |
| Cushing Disease | Hyper-secretion of adreno-cortico-tropic hormone (ACTH) ↑ ACTH |
| Addison Disease | Adrenal insufficiency |
| Graves Disease | Auto-Immune Hyper-Thyroiditis |
| Myxedema | Cutaneous edema often associated with Thyroid disease |
| Pheochromocytoma | Tumor of the adrenal medulla |
| Chronic Osteomyelitis | CMs Distinguishing characteristic of Inflammatory Exudates |
| Klinefelter Sundrome | Nondisjunction of X chromosome by mother Ex. XXY |
| Consanguinity | Mating of persons having common family relations |
| Asthma | CMs wheezing in and out, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, tachypnea |
| Aspiration | passage of fluid and solid particles into the lungs |
| Bronchiolitis | Inflammatory obstruction of small airways |
| Pulmonary Fibrosis | Excessive amount of connective tissue in the lung |
| Bronchiectasis | Abnormal dilation of the bronchi |
| Pulmonary embolus | often caused by venous stasis and hypercoaguability during bed rest - are risk factors. Embolus forms in DVT then dislodges and gets stuck in pulmonary system |
| Pernicious Anemia | a chronic progressive anemia of older adults noun Ex. thought to result from a LACK OF INTRINSIC FACTOR (a substance secreted by the stomach that is responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12) |
| Mononucleosis | commonly caused by Epstein bar virus |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | ↑ Cardiac Contractility ↑ Heart Rate |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | ↓ Cardiac Contractility ↓ Heart Rate |
| Right Sided Heart Failure | CMs Jugular vein distension, Hepatosplenomegaly, Ascites, Edema, Pulmonary HPT |
| Cor Pulmonale | or pulmonary heart disease is enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased resistance or high blood pressure in the lungs. |
| Hypertension | 140/90 or Greater |
| Cardiac Output | Amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle to the aorta. HR x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output |
| Emphysema | CMs Typically presents with DOE (Dyspnea on Exertion) |
| Asthma | CMs Main CM is bronchoconstriction, allergies frequently involved with ↑ IgE |
| Asthma | CM ↑ IgE |
| Cyanosis | ↓ arterial Oxygenation with 5 gms unoxygenated HgB |
| UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) | CMs Burning on urination, urgency In elderly may include: Confusion, poorly localized abdominal discomfort |
| Prerenal Failure | Ex. Renal Hypoperfusion |
| Intrarenal Failure | Ex. Acute Tubular Necrosis |
| Postrenal Failure | Ex. Prostatic Hypertrophy - Post kidney obstruction, backing things up into kidney |
| Hyperkalemia | ↑ 5 mEq/L Treatment: glucose and insulin used to treat bc insulin transports glucose into the cell and also carries potassium with it. |
| Travel Together | Insulin, glucose, potassium (for the purpose of movement into the cell regarding Hyperkalemia) |
| Tinea corporis | Ringworm - fungal infection of skin |
| Wart | (verruca) (lichen planus) elevated, firm circumscribed area < 1cm |
| Psoriasis | Skin disease characterized by red patches, covered with silver-white scales usually found on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest, and lower back, but rarely on the face. A chronic autoimmune disease that appears on the skin. It occurs when the immune system sends out faulty signals that speed up the growth cycle of skin cells. |
| Seborrheic keratosis | a skin condition characterized by circumscribed wartlike lesions that can be itchy and covered with a greasy crust |
| Actinic keratosis | precursor to SCC erythematous with light scale. can become thick and crusted see intraepidermal atypia over sun-damaged dermis Wiki: is a premalignant condition[2] of thick, scaly, or crusty patches of skin |
| Psoriasis, Seborrheic and Actinic Keratoses | From SG, line 56B - kinda clueless here. "elevated, firm, and rough lesion with flat top surface greater than 1 cm." |
| Nevus | (flat mole) Flat circumscribed area < 1cm |
| Urticaria | allergic rxn accoc. Elevated irregular shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid, transient, with variable diameters. Ex. Hives |
| Varicella | (chickenpox) elevated circumscribed, superficial lesion filled with serous fluid, < 1cm |
| Herpes zoster | (Shingles) elevated circumscribed, superficial lesion filled with serous fluid, < 1cm |
| Osmotic Diarrhea | resulting from unhydrolyzed lactose i.e., lactose intolerance |
| Reflux Esophagitis | may be defined as inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux -- Inflamm response to GERD |
| Ulcerative Colitis | Inflammation develops in crypts of Lieberkuhn in the large intestine |
| Crohn Disease | Alterations in IgG found in this disorder. Autoimmune Inflam response. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | systemic: fatigue, fever, weakness |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | "synovitis and bone marrow inflammation" -- mainly affects joints in the spine and the sacroiliac joint in the pelvis, and can cause eventual fusion of the spine. |
| Gout | ↑ uric acid ↑ risk for renal calculi |
| Antibodies | are produced in plasma cells |
| Segmental Inhibition | (pain) Ex. holding or putting thumb in mouth after hitting it with a hammer |
| Extradural Hematoma | usually from an arterial bleed |
| Cerebral Hemorrhage | usually caused by HPT |
| Acute Rheumatic Fever | develops as a sequel to strep throat |
| Aortic Semilunar Valve Failure | fails to close completely - some of the ejected blood flows back into left ventricle during diastole > results in ↓ cardiac output |
| Parathyroid Glands | regulate Calcium |
| REM Sleep | desynchronized, low-voltage, fast activity that occurs about every 90 minutes |
| Active Acquired Immunity | produced by individual after either natural exposure to Ag or after immunization |
| Six | After a person is exposed to most Ag it takes _____ days before an Ab can be detected in the circulation |
| Pathologic Fracture | Fracture at a site of preexisting bone abnormality, usually by a force that would not normally cause a fracture |
| DM I | Lack of insulin, often due to AI destruciton of the islets of langerhorn |
| DM II | insulin resistance |
| DM I and II | Both lead to hyperglycemia adn as glucose spills into urine > polyuria |
| Diabetes Insipidus | lack of ADH > polyuria and hypernatremia |
| Multiple Sclerosis | Chronic AI disease - not reversible (MS) |
| Tuberculosis | Bacterial infection spread by air droplet from person to person |
| Spinal Cord Injury | The physical level of the injury indicates the CMs Older adults most at risk from minor trauma |
| Night Terror | sudden apparent arousal in which a chile expresses intense fear or another strong emotion while in a sleep state |
| Passive Innate Immunity | Passed from mother to fetus Continues to provide immunity during first months of life |
| Dehydration | CMs mucous membranes are dry Poor skin turgor pulse is weak tachycardia |
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