APUSH Exam Review
About this set
Created by:
ilhswarrior on May 2, 2011
Description:
Pre-Columbian and European Exploration (1-17)
European Colonization (18-55)
Revolutionary War and Confederation (56-103)
Constitution and the New Federal Nation (104-133)
Jefferson to Jackson (134-
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147 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Iroquois League | Founded by Hiawatha and his half brother the Prophet. They played a dominant role in controlling the beaver trade because of their location between Native American and French colonies |
| Indian Women | Owned the house and all the belongings. |
| Creek Confederation | Included the 5 civilized tribest of the southeast: Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole. |
| Creeks and the Europeans | Exchanged slaves (captured Native Americans in FL until supply ran out) along with deerskins in exchange for textiles, kettles, and other European goods. |
| Indians Concept of Land | Land cannot be owned, sold, or transferred, only used. An inseperable part of nature. Existed to sustain the beings that lived upon it. This land concept would cause major problems between the Native Americans and the Europeans. |
| Extingusing By Occupation | Europeans felt Native Americans had a right to occupy land, but that this could be extinguished by treaty or purchase. -Couldn't be occupied by whites until purchased from tribes. -Individuals couldn't purchase lands directly from tribes without colonial authorities' approval. -Negotiations with the chief -Europeans saw the chief as the equivalent of a European monarch. |
| Problems with Treaties | -Boundaries were often vague. -Treaties were overlapped. -Treaties were used to justify illegal squatting. |
| Compensation | Livestock, beads, cloth, manufactured goods (including guns) and sometimes annual money. |
| Farming | Second means of support. Staple crop: maize (corn). |
| Meat | Deers were the chief food animal except for the prairie where the bison ruled. When the Spanish introduced the horse to the Plains Indians, it became their lifestyle basis. |
| Pueblos | Had a classless society with a theocracy. Immense power but based on governed consent. |
| Pacific Northwest Coast | Three social classes within the tribes: cheifs, commoners, and slaves. |
| Portugal | Led the way for reaching India by sailing around Africa. |
| Indians | Named so by Christopher Columbus because he thought that he had reached India, his planned destination. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Realized that the New World was not India. Waldesmuller, a cartographer, named the New World after him. |
| Jacque Cartier | Founded the St. Lawrence River and later Quebec in 1541. |
| Samuel de Champlain | Established the fur trade in Canada. |
| European colonization | Longest period in US history. Lasted from forming of Jamestown in 1607 up to the Seven Years War in 1763. |
| Encomienda | Spanish system of land tenure in the New World; serfdom for Native Americans. Required to farm, ranch, or mine under their landlords. Often they were abused and led to Indian depopulation. |
| Hacienda | Replaced encomienda and was, to start, a land grant made to the minor nobles to persuade them to come to the New World. Extensive system of land ownership where the Native Americans worked for the hacienda owner. Not as harsh as encomienda, but still exploiting. |
| Missions | Assimilate Native Americans into Spanish society. Tried to make Nativa Americans Catholic. |
| Presidio | Fort were garrisons where military officers commanded soldiers to keep order, especially for hostile Native Americans. |
| Fur trading | Mainstay of New France economy. |
| Voyageurs | Devised by Champlain; young men would live among the Natives. Led to good relations between the French and Natives. |
| John Winthrop | "city upon a hill" Goal: to build a godly community to inspire those in England to reform the church. |
| Thomas Hooker | Established Hartford, Connecticut in 1636. His democratic ideas led to the writing of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, which provided a government framework. |
| Rhode Island | Formed by Roger Williams, 4 separate towns became Rhode Island. It was a self-governing colony and became a haven for radicals or outcasts, including Anne Hutchinson and William Coddington. |
| "Blue Laws" | Passed by Puritans and aimed at limiting pleasures and suprresed human instincts. Coined because of the blue paper the laws were written on. |
| Deluder Satan Act/Education | Passed in 1647 and required towns of 50 families to hire a school master to teach reading and writing. Harvard establised to train Puritan ministers. |
| First Great Awakening | Occured in the 1730s-1740s. Jonathan Edwards and his speech "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" Led to emotional preaching. Bibles now read in homes, greater emphasis on individual worship, less church worship. George Whitefield, best known revivalist preacher, carried movement to the South. |
| Half-Way Covenant | In order to bring more newcomers to their religion, Congregational churches in New England established Half-Way Covenant. It offered partial membership rights to those who had not yet gone through regeneration. |
| Ann Hutchinson | Criticized ministers and advocated antinominanism- belief that faith and God's grace alone were enough to become an "elect". Eventually tried for heresy, banished from Puritan society, exiled to Rhode Island. |
| King's Philip War (1675-1676) | Between colonists and Native Americans in New England. Caused by increasing tensions over forced land sales by increasing dependence they had on foreign goods. Led to almost extinction of Native American life in New England and disappearence of fur trade. |
| Mayflower Compact | Formed while sailing to America. Created a legal authority and assembly. Asserted that government power comes from people, not God. Road to democracy formed. |
| Triangular Trade | Between Africa, West Indies, and New England. New England brought rum to Africa, slaves brought to West Indies or Charleston, West Indies sent sugar and molasses to New England to make rum. Other variations: manufactured gods from England for tobacco, grain, naval stores, and fish, foodstuffs, lumber for slaves, sugar and molasses in the West Indies. |
| Sweden | Contributed the log cabin to the New World. |
| Lesiler's Rebellion | Led by Jacob Leisler during the Glorious Revolution, a rebellion took place and took over NY from 1689-1691. |
| Washington Irving | Wrote "Rip Van Winkle" and "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" |
| Patroonships | Large tracts of land were offered to anyone who would transport 50 people to the New World. |
| "Bread Colonies" | Given to the Middle Colonies who heavily produced grain crops. |
| Salutary Neglect | Britain's treatment of the American colonies during mid to late 1700s. Realized that they could govern it themselves. One of the causes for the American Revolution. Abandoned after French and Indian War. |
| Society of Friends | a.k.a. Quakers. Founded in England by George Fox. |
| Zenger Trial | Andrew Hamilton was his attorney and he was charged for printing "untruthful" articles. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS. |
| Jamestown, VA | A joint stock company settlement. Settlers were young sons of aristocrats; not entitled to their parent's wealth. |
| John Smith | Saved Jamestown colony with famous quote "He who does not work, shall not eat." |
| John Rolfe | Led to the economic stability of Jamestown, VA when in 1616 he perfected tobacco cultivation. |
| Maryland | Refuge for Catholics.Toleration Act of 1649 was passed granting liberty for all who believed in Jesus. |
| Roanoke Island | Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 off VA coast. Became "Lost Colony" because it was deserted in 1590. |
| North Carolina | Place for runaway slaves, debtors, fugitivies, and "riff raff". Place for those who were uncomfortable for its wealthy neighbors VA and SC. |
| Bacon's Rebellion | Discontented with women scarcity and land. Did not like Governor Berkeley's friendliness towards the Indians. |
| Cash Crops | Tobacco in VA, MD, and NC. Rice and later indigo in SC and GA. |
| Joint Stock Companies | Corporations of the 1600s. Younger sons of wealthy aristocrats pooled their money and chartered investors. Supposed to have a strong foothold in the US, then dissipate when the investors liquidated profits. |
| British mercantilist system | Colonies provide raw materials/products that didn't compete with British products in order to make the New World self-sufficient. Colonists expected to buy surplus British manufactured goods. |
| Navigation Acts | 1651- required that all goods in colonial trade be carried on English ships and certain goods (sugar, tobacco, indigo, rice) be shipped to England first. |
| Columbian Exchange | Most significant change: dispossession of Native Americans from their land, yet not total disappearance. Top 5: corn, potato, horse, disease, and sugar. Sugarcane stimulated slave trade. |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | Ended Seven Years War. Gave all of North America east of the Mississippi, other than New Orleans, to Britain. French also gave New Orleans and lands west of the Mississippi to Spain, since they surrendered FL to the British. France and Spain gone meant no longer needing British protection. Led to independence. |
| Writs of Assistance | James Otis resigned as Advocate General of the Vice Admiralty in 1761 in Massachusetts, which authorized customs to search for smuggled goods. Otis thought the writs violated people's natural rights. He became a leader of the radical wing of colonial opposition to the British. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | To lesson aggression between the Indians and the colonists, Britain forbade colonist settlement west of the Appalachians. Bitterly resented by those wanting to settle in the West. |
| Paxton Boys | 20 peaceful, defenseless Conestoga Indians were massacred by 57 rangers from Paxton in 1763. They were called to bring to trial, but they were justices and juries were sympathetic to them. East controlled the gov't because of unequal representation. |
| Bullionism | A nation's wealth is measured by their amount of gold and silver. |
| Molasses Act of 1733 | Raised duties on French West Indian sugar. Forced Americans to buy more expensive British West Indian sugar. Smuggling erupted, acts not enforced. |
| Woolen Act | Passed by Parliament in 1699. Prohibited export and inter-colonial sale of certain textiles so as to protect Birtish textile industry. Colonists were to supply the materials and the British would make the products. |
| Iron Act | 1750. Stopped development of colonial manufacturing in competition with the British by restricting growth of US iron industry to raw metal supply. |
| Hat Act | 1732. Restricted colonial manufacture and exports of hats in direct competition with English hat makers. |
| Sugar Act (Revenue Act of 1764) | Responsible for colonies paying tax for expanded British empire in North America. Cut 1733 Molasses Act duty on sugar in half but insisted on its enforcement. Colonials protested. Higher duties were placed on non-British textiles, coffee, and indigo. Required all good have a bond posted on them before placed on a ship. |
| Currency Act | 1765. Aimed at in-debt VA and forbade them to pay their debts off with paper money. |
| Quatering Acts (1765-1766) | Required that colonial gov'ts supply barracks and supplies for British troops. Forced troops in places they weren't welcome, like homes. |
| Stamp Act (1765) | First direct tax levied by Parliament. All American colonists were required to pay a tax on every piece of paper used. Money collected by the Stamp Act was used to help pay for defense of the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains. Raise money withou approval of colonial legislatures. |
| Committees of Correspondence | First proposed in Boston, these organizations coordinated anti-British propaganda throughout the colonies. |
| Stamp Act Congress | James Otis started it. Meeting of delegates from 9 colonies in NY who adopted a protest, Declaration of Rights and Grievances. Was supposed to be sent to George III and Parliament. |
| Non-Importation and Violence | Policy to ban European goods purchases, actively resist use of Stamps. Very effective, with help from the Sons of Liberty. Heavy violence at Stamp Tax Agents, stamps and other property destroyed. |
| Declaratory Act | 1766. Passed same day as Stamp Act repeal. Stated Parliament had full authority to make laws binding the colonists "in all cases whatsoever." |
| Townshend Acts | 1767. Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend proposed new external taxes (those regulating trade) on paints, lead, glass, paper, and tea. Internal taxes: raising revenue. |
| "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer" | Written by John Dickinson, it declared the Townshend Acts unconstitutional b/c they were disguised as trade regulations but were formed to raise revenue. |
| Townshend Duties Repealed | 1770. Parliament repealed all parts of the Townshend Acts except for the tea tax to prove they were still in charge, that Parliament had the right to tax. Non-importation collapsed and trade resumed. |
| Boston Massacre | 1770. Five colonists died and six were wounded in Boston over a petty fight between a colonist and a soldier that were frequent between the two types of people due to disagreement. Paul Revere stretched the truth through propaganda. Crispus Attucks --> a mulatto who was a mob leader. |
| Tea Act | 1773. In order to prevent the East India Company from going bankrupt, Parliament passed this act which allowed tea to be sold in the colonies without paying taxes or going through a middleman. It would make this tea cheaper than smuggled tea from Holland. Sons of Liberty saw tea importers as enemies and advocated non-importation. |
| Boston Tea Party | Sons of Liberty disguised as Indians boarded a tea ship and dumped the tea into the harbor without damaging the chests or ships. Led to a chain reaction of tea revolts in NY, Annapolis, and New Jeresy. Tea landed at Charleston, but wasn't allowed to be sold until gov't auctioned it off in 1776. |
| Coercive Acts | 1774. Boston Harbor was closed (nothing in, nothing out) until tea was paid for. Trials for those involved would be held in England. Governor given all power over appointments and town meetings could not be held without his consent. Quatering Act allowed troops in private residences (before: inns, alehouses, etc.) |
| First Continental Congress | 1774. Except for GA all colonies sent delegates to meet in Philly at Carpenter's Hall. Proposed by Joseph Galloway that legislatures would jointly govern with Parliament. This plan won. |
| "Give me Liberty"- | Said by Patrick Henry as New England prepared for war. |
| Battle of Lexington and Concord | 1775. America won. British lost 73 and 174 wounded, US had only 93 dead, wounded or missing. |
| Second Continental Congress | Met again in Philly at state house. Resolved to put the colonies into a state of defense and urged by John Adams, appointed Virginian George Washington to command Continental Army. |
| Battle of Bunker Hill | A victorious yet costly battle that was in the British favor. 1,054 British casualities compared to 441 US casualties. Convinced Americans that the British were not as invincible as portrayed. |
| Olive Branch Petition | Written by John Dickinson, adopted by Congress it shwed loyalty to George III asking him to cease hostilities and a reconciliation to be worked out. |
| "Common Sense" | 1776. Written by Thomas Paine and issued the first call of independence from Great Britian. Convinced many that separation was the only course to take. |
| Declaration of Independence | 1776. Committee consisted of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman formed with Jefferson to write this famous document. Listed the abuses of the king and was to portray a total break from Britain.Unaminously passed by 12 colonies except NY. |
| Hessian | German mercenaries hired by the British. |
| Crisis Papers | Published between 1776-1783 by Thomas Paine, these essays were about how to treat Tories, what to do with the West, and the need for federal taxation. |
| Battle of Saratoga | 1777. Turning point in the war. British launched a three pronged attack to try to split New England from the other colonies; ended in disaster. |
| French Alliance | 1778. Two months after the Battle of Saratoga, France recognized the US. January 7, 1778, French royal council declared unanimously in favor of an alliance treaty. |
| Molly Pitcher | Mary Hays McCauly, wife of John Hays, artillery sergeant. She was carrying water to thirsty soldiers, who called her Molly Pitcher. Her husband was struck down and she took over for him. Molly Pitcher used to describe women who helped in the fighting of the Revolution. |
| Culper Ring | Group that spied for George Washington during Revolution. |
| State Constitutions | Connecticut and Rhode Island kept their colonial charters while the other states adopted new constitutions. Most also adopted Bills of Rights. |
| Primogeniture and Entail | 1) When a man's real property be passed in entirety to his oldest son. 2) Property could only be left to direct descendants (usually sons) and not persons outside the family. |
| Savanna | 1778. British forces captured this major GA port and took over all of GA. Operations by the French and colonists to reclaim it failed and it was the launching pad to subdue the rest of the South. |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | Britain recognized US independence. Granted to the US territory as far west as Mississippi River, reserved Canada to GB. Ended Revolution. |
| Articles of Confederation | Written by John Dickinson, adopted by Second Continential Congress after debate over taxation and representation on November 15, 1777. Not ratified until 1781 when Maryland finally agreed to it. Lasted from 1777 to 1788. US' first gov't. |
| Loyalist | Colonists who supported the British. After the war, nearly 100,000 of them would leave US and settle in Europe Canda, and the Caribbean. Patriots biased and suspicious towards them. |
| Commerce Power | James Monroe was appointed head to a committee that dealed with the problem of states enacting their own tariffs against foreign commerce. |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Provided for the creation of a rectangular system of land survey. A 36 square acre township was to be divided 36 times, or 640 acres. Section 16 in each township was to be a school. All other sections were to be available to the public. |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Decided how the western lands of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River would be settled and become states on an equal basis with existing states. |
| Shay's Rebellion | Daniel Shays, a war vet, led a rebellion of debt-ridden farmers who were upset with the economic conditions in MA against the eastern politicians and refused to inflate currency. These rebels were later captured and sentenced to death for treason in February 1787, but later pardoned. |
| 1787 | Constitution was written to replace the first government, the Articles of Confederation. |
| 3/5th Compromise | Agreed to count slaves as 3/5ths of a person when apportioning representation and taxation in order to equalize the representation of the North and the South. |
| Amendments Process | Didn't require unanimity like the Articles, but a 2/3rds vote of both houses and ratification by 3/4ths of the states. |
| Federalist and Antifederalist | 1) Supported the new gov't. 2) Group that opposed the new gov't. |
| Federalist Papers | 77 essays in NY newspapers under "Publius" these pro-Constitution writings were by Hamilton (51), Madison (29), and John Jay (5). Explained republicanism principles contained in the Constitution and attacked the Articles. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | Established federal court system of 13 district courts with 1 judge each, 3 circuit courts with three judges each (one district and two federal Supreme Court judges) and a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and 5 associate judges. |
| First Cabinet | Thomas Jefferson: Sec of State Alexander Hamilton: Sec of the Treasury Henry Knox: Sec of War |
| Bill of Rights | Put together by Madison and Washington. 12 amendments were passed, and the states ratified 10 of them. 1-8 were rights of men and 9 and 10 guaranteed powers not in the Constitution to the people and the states. |
| Hamilton's Fiscal Program | Hamilton had a unique relationship with Congress and the Constitution allowed him to submit reports directly to them. He submitted reports on a wide variety of issues, like national bank and different debt types and *led to the formation of two distinct political parties- the Federalists and Jeffersonians (Republicans)* |
| Assumption | South opposed, North for because the North had done nothing to pay for its debts and the South had issued paper money to pay for its state debts. Resulted in the passing of paying the national debt but Assumption was defeated 4 times when it was put to vote. |
| Excise Tax | Revenue Act of 1791- established tariffs on selected imported goods and excises on many other goods, like snuff, distilled liquor, refined sugar, horse-drawn carriages. Hoped that it would raise $800,000 annually. Whiskey tax brought about heavy protest. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | Uproar from the South but extreme uproar from the Scots-Irish farmers of western PA.Organized mobs prevented tax from being collected. 13,000 man army raised, 100 arrested, and 2 convicted of treason but later pardoned. "Moonshine" tradition established. |
| Vermont | Became 14th state, added to the Union in 1791. |
| Chisholm v. Georgia | Heirs of Alexander Chisholm of SC sued Georgia for compensation for property that had been taken during the Revolution. Chief Justice John Jay ruled suit lawful but GA refused to comply. |
| 11th Amendment | National gov't more powerful than state gov't. |
| Neutrality Proclamation | Washington declared that the U.S. was at peace with Britain and France and that we, the US, were not going to get involved in their war. |
| Federalists/Jeffersonians | These two political parties emerged in the 1790s despite Washington's efforts to stop the growth of "factions" |
| Federalists | Comprised of the rich and wealthy. Washington was their leader, and they had the advantage as they were supported by him and most newspapers, clergymen, and other makers of public opinion. |
| Jeffersonians | Led by Jefferson and Madison, preferred power of the states over central gov't. |
| Jay's Treaty | Called for a withdrawal of British soldiers from posts in the American west. Commission to be established to settle border issues between U.S. and Canada and resolve American losses in British ship seizures and Loyalist losses during the War for Independence. Strong negative reaction from the public. |
| Pinckney's Treaty | Solved disputes with Spain left over from the Revolution. Spain agreed to the 31st parallel as the boundary between its colonies and the U.S., to quit inciting the Indians, gave US full rights of navigation on Mississippi River, allowed the Americans the right to deposit goods at New Orleans before sending them overseas. |
| Washington's Farewell Address | Warned nation against formation of factions or parties. It urged good commercial relations but warned US to stay clear of permanent alliances when it came to international affairs. |
| XYZ Affair | John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and Charles Pinckney were sent by Adams to ensure a treaty with France over a change in ambassador (Monroe to Pinckney; French didn't like). Three French go-betweens (called X-Y-Z) asked for a $250,000 bribe before the Americans could talk to French Foreign Minister Talleyrand. US refused. Resulted in an undeclared naval war. |
| Neutralizaton Act | Extended residence period to become a citizen from 5 to 14 yeras. Repealed in 1802 when the 1795 law of 5 years was reinstated. |
| Alien Act | Expired in 1800, it gave the President the right to expel any questionable alien who was deemed dangerous to the public safety and peace. |
| Alien Enemies Act | During wartime, a Presiden could arrest, imprison, banish aliens under an enemies power. |
| Sedition Act | Made a high misdemeanor punishable by severe fines and jail penalties for anyone speaking, writing, publishing with the intention to defame the U.S. gov't, Congress, the President. |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | Written anonymously by Madison and Jefferson, it was statements that stated the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. |
| Twelfth Amendment | Passed in 1804; required electors to vote separately for a president and a vice-president. |
| Revolution of 1800 | Transfer of peaceful power between the Federalists to the Jeffersonian-Republicans. |
| Louisiana Purchase | Spain received LA from France in 1762 as a result of losses inthe Seven Years War, and Spain gave it back to them in 1802. Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to offer France $10 million for New Orleans and West Florida. After Napoleon's army had horrible losses in Santo Domingo, he was forced to give it up, and LA was offered to the US for $15 million, take it or leave it. US accepted, but Spain felt betrayed by France b/c they would not have gave them the land had they known it would be in US hands. |
| Marshall Court | Chief Justice John Marshall kept federalism alive in his 36 years in office and strengthened the national gov't. |
| Marbury v. Madison | Concept of judical review established. Declared a federal law unconstitutional for the first time by denying the power of the Supreme Court. |
| McCulloch v Maryland | Maryland put a tax on the Second Bank of the US, and the bank's constitutionality and its tax were questioned. Marshall argued that the bank was constitutional based on loose construction argument; "implied power" in the Constitution. |
| Lewis and Clark | Expedition of the West, and were helped by Sacagawea. Covered 8,000 miles of territory in 2 1/2 years. Provided important information on the land, its natural resources, and the native peoples. |
| Embargo Act | Stopped all land and seaborne trade with foreign nations. Intense opposition to this. Upheld by Supreme Court case Judge Peters vs. US, power of national gov't over states. |
| "Old Republicans" | Those for the original Jeffersonian republican values that they felt he abandoned when he became President. |
| Macon's Bill #2 | 1810; if either Britain or France removed its trade restrictions and the other country didn't, non-intercourse would be implemented against the non-removing nation. |
| Battle of Tippiecanoe | Tecumseh and the Prophet formed confederacy to stop expansion of pioneers into their Indiana homeland. William Henry Harrison attacked and scattered confederacy. |
| "War Hawks" | Referred to a group of young congressmen from the south and west who supported a war as a way to achieve expansion by taking Canada and FL. |
| Election of 1812 | Federalists: strictly regional and nominated anti-war Republican DeWit Clinton of NY as their presidential nomination. Republicans: all for Madison. Madison won. Federalists doubled their strength in the new Congress but still a minority. |
| Treaty of Ghent | Both countries agreed to end hostilities by returning to the exact same conditions that had existed before the war. US achieved its goal of pushing Natives off their traditional territories, now open for white settlement. |
| Era of Good Feelings | Coined in Boston's Columbia Centinel, it described the time period in relation to Monroe's two adminstrations. |
| Convet | ... |
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