Exam 3 Terms
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Created by:
tylerfortune on May 2, 2011
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all the terms outlined for exam 3
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130 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 abiotic | any nonliving component of an environment |
| abscisic acid | hormone that promotes bud and seed dormancy and inhibits leaf abscission |
| achene | small dry indehiscent fruit with the seed distinct from the fruit wall |
| aggregate fruits | form from a single flower that contains several separate carpels. after fertilization each ovary from each individual carpel enlarges. the ovaries may fuse to form a single fruit- raspberry |
| aleurone layer | inside seed coat; synthesizes enzymes that digest proteins and starch stored in endosperm |
| alternation of generations | A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form |
| androecium | collective term for the male reproductive parts of a flower. |
| angiosperms | flowering plants |
| anther | the part of the stamen that contains pollen |
| antipodal cells | The three cells in a mature ovule away from the micropyle. |
| auxin | a plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth |
| biotic | the living organisms in an ecosystem |
| bracts | modified leaves with bright color that serve the same function of petals in attracting pollinators |
| callus | an isolated thickening of tissue, especially a stiff protuberance on the lip of an orchid |
| calyx | the whorl of sepals of a flower collectively forming the outer floral envelope or layer of the perianth enclosing and supporting the developing bud |
| carpels | The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. |
| central cell | a cell that contains two haploid nuclei and is present within the ovule of a flowering plant |
| chromosome set | All the distinct chromosomes in a cell |
| clone | a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction |
| coleoptile | a protective sheath covering the embryonic shoot |
| complete flower | A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. |
| compound fruits | form from many ovaries |
| compound pistil | consists of two or more fused carpels |
| corolla | the whorl of petals of a flower that collectively form an inner floral envelope or layer of the perianth |
| cotyledons | first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant |
| cross-pollination | a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| cytokinin | any of a class of plant hormones that promote cell division and delay the senescence of leaves |
| dehiscent | (of e.g. fruits and anthers) opening spontaneously at maturity to release seeds |
| determinate | ... |
| dicotyledon | flowering plant with two cotyledons |
| dioecious | Referring to a plant species that has staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants. |
| diploid | of a cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number |
| diurnal | belonging to or active during the day |
| dormancy | period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing |
| double fertilization | A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm. |
| egg | female gamete |
| egg apparatus | The egg cell and synergids located at the micropylar end of the female gametophyte, or embryo sac, of angiosperms. |
| elaiosomes | Shiny, oil-containing, ant-attracting tissue on the seed coats of many plants; oleic acids stimulate corpse-carrying behavior and ants carry seeds away and bury them in the ground |
| embryo | a minute rudimentary plant contained within a seed or an archegonium |
| embryo sac | The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure with eight haploid nuclei. |
| endocarp | the innermost layer of the mature ovary wall, or pericarp |
| endosperm | nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants |
| ethylene | hormone that promotes leaf abscission and fruit ripening |
| exocarp | outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits as the skin of a peach or grape |
| female gametophyte | Ovules produced in ovary, (2n) megasporocyte --(meiosis)--> 4n megaspores, Only one megaspore will survive, Goes through mitosis 3x to produce 1 large cell with 8 haploid nuclei |
| filament | the stalk of a stamen |
| fruit | swollen ovary |
| gametangium | cell or organ in which gametes develop |
| gamete | a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| gametophytes | The multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation |
| generative cell | in a pollen grain, the cell that divides mitotically and forms two sperm cells |
| germinates | when a seed breaks dormancy, grows into a sprorophyte |
| gibberellins | promote seed and bud germination, stem elongation, and leaf growth; stimulate flowering and development of fruit; affect root growth and differentiation |
| gravitropism | A growth response to gravity |
| green algae | chlorophyta |
| growth | ... |
| gynoecium | The collective term for the carpels |
| haploid | of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes |
| heterosporic | Producing two types of spores differing in size and sex |
| homosporic | Producing spores of one kind |
| imbibition | The swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources. |
| imperfect | ... |
| inbreeding | Breeding with ones self. |
| incomplete flower | A flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels) are either absent or nonfunctional. |
| indehiscent fruit | does not split at maturity; the single seed is united with the pericarp |
| indeterminate | ... |
| inflorescence | A group of flowers tightly clustered together |
| integuments | layers of sporophyte tissue that envelop and protect the megasporangium |
| legume | the fruit or seed of any of various bean or pea plants consisting of a two-valved case that splits along both sides when ripe and having the seeds attached to one edge of the valves |
| male gametophyte | pollen grain |
| megaspores | ... |
| megasporocytes | ... |
| meiosis | cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |
| meiosporangium | ... |
| meiospore | ... |
| mesocarp | the middle layer of a pericarp |
| micropyle | ... |
| microspores | ... |
| microsporocytes | ... |
| mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| mitosporangium | ... |
| mitospore | a spore that bears the same genotype as the parental organism because its nucleus was made by mitotic division of a parental nucleus; often functions in asexual reproduction |
| monocotyledonous | a plant whose embryo has one cotyledon |
| monoecious | male and female flowers occur on the same plant |
| multiple fruits | ovaries of two or more flowers combine into a single mass (pineapple) |
| nectar guides | lines on a flower that point the way to the nectaries |
| nectaries | Secretory glands that exude a solution of sugars or other substances that are gathered by the animal as a food source. |
| nucellus | central part of a plant ovule |
| nyctinastic movements | Responses to the daily cycle of light and dark |
| outcrossing | cross-pollination between individuals of same species |
| ovary | the organ that bears the ovules of a flower |
| ovule | the inner part of an ovary that contains an egg |
| panicle | compound raceme or branched cluster of flowers |
| parthenocarpic | Fruit matures without seed formation (seedless watermelons) |
| parthenogenesis | process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual |
| pedicels | ... |
| perfect | ... |
| perianth | collective term for the outer parts of a flower consisting of the calyx and corolla and enclosing the stamens and pistils |
| pericarp | the ripened and variously modified walls of a plant ovary |
| petals | modified leaves which are usually bright in color to attract pollinators. |
| phototropism | an orienting response to light |
| pistil | the female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma |
| pistillate | bearing or consisting of carpels |
| polar nuclei | 2 nuclei, within the same cell, created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction; unite in the ovule to form a fusion nucleus, which gives rise to endosperm when fertilized |
| pollen grain | Structure consisting of a few haploid cells surrounded by a thick protective wall that contains a male gametophyte |
| pollen sac | two of these (full of developing gametophytes) result from the cross walls between two pairs of microsporangia breaking down |
| pollen tube | Structure that grows from a pollen grain to an ovule, enabling a sperm to pass directly to an egg |
| pollination | transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant |
| pollination syndrome | unique flower and pollen traits that adapt a flower for pollination by a particular vector |
| primary endosperm nucleus | Also known as the endosperm, one sperm and one egg makes the wall around the embryo. |
| radicle | the embryonic root |
| receptacle | enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts |
| seed | ... |
| seeds coats | ... |
| self-pollination (selfing) | A plant pollinating it's own stamen |
| sepals | Leaflike parts that cover and protect the flower bud |
| simple fruits | developed from simple flower with one pistil (carpel) |
| simple pistil | consists of one carpel |
| sperm | male gamete |
| spore | haploid reproductive cell |
| sporophyte | diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism. the organism as a whole. |
| stamens | The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament. |
| staminate | incomplete flowers that have only functional stamens |
| stigma | sticky portion at the top of the style where pollen grains frequently land |
| style | the narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma |
| synapsis | the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis |
| synergid cells | flank the egg cell and help attract and guid the pollen tube to teh embryo sac |
| tube cell | the cell of a pollen grain that gives rise to the pollen tube |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
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