| Term | Definition |
| empire | group of territories brought together under one supreme ruler |
| Fertile Crescent | region stretching from the Persian Gulf northwest up the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and west over to the Mediterranean Sea |
| code of law | written rules for people to obey |
| justice | fair treatment of all the people, based on the law |
| tribute | payment made in return for protection |
| exile | forced removal from one's homeland, often to lands far away |
| toleration | practice of allowing people to keep their traditions and beliefs |
| provinces | governmental divisions like states, etc. |
| satraps | governors of provinces in the Persian Empire |
| Royal Road | road used for government purposes in ancient times |
| emperor | person who rules an empire |
| governor | person chosen to rule over a territory |
| policy | course of action chosen by a government |
| minted coins | coins that are issued by the government and are official money |