Biodiversity and Ecology for test 5-2
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bufoetrana on May 2, 2011
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Phylogeny | the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms |
| Taxonomy | the science of naming and classifying organisms |
| Clade | a group of biological taxa or species that share features inherited from a common ancestor |
| cladogram | Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms |
| Monophyletic group | group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor |
| Archaebacteria | Domain and Kingdom of prokaryotic ancient bacteria that evolved separately from Eubacteria and often live in harsh environments |
| Eubacteria | A domain and kingdom that contains all prokaryotes except archaebacteria |
| Eukarya | Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals |
| 6 kingdoms | archaebacteria, eubacteria, protist, fungi, plants, animals |
| Animalia | kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls. |
| Protist | diverse group of multicellular or unicellular eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems, and live in moist environments; may be autotrophic or heterotrophic (algae, amoeba, etc.) |
| Evolution | a theory that explains how random changes in genetic material and competition for scarce resources cause species to change gradually |
| divergent evolution | organisms coming from an original ancestor but then forming a new species over time because of changes in environment, etc |
| types of evidence for evolution | - Fossil evidence - Biogeographical evidence - Anatomical evidence - Biochemical evidence |
| types of natural selection | directional, sexual, stabilizing, disruptive |
| adapative radiation | many diverse species evolve from a certain ancestor |
| Fungi | a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms. They are heterotrophic and digest their food externally, absorbing nutrient molecules into their cells. Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are examples. |
| Plantae | Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose |
| Animalia phyla | annelida, arthropoda, chordata, cndaria, echinodermata, mollusca, nemotoda, platyhelminthes, porifera |
| Human taxonomy | Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, Mammalia, Primate, Homo, sapien |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species that live together in the same area at the same time |
| ecosystem | community and abiotic environment |
| carrying capacity | population at maximum number of individuals |
| abiotic environment | nonliving part: all solar and chemical cycling |
| carbon cycle | the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back |
| nitrogen cycle | the process in which nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals in an ecosystem |
| predation | an interaction in which one organism kills another for food |
| prey | an organism that is killed and eaten by another organism |
| herbivore | organism that obtains energy by eating only plants |
| carnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating animals |
| omnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals |
| autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer |
| heterotroph | organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer |
| water cycle | the continuous cycle of the transfer of water through an ecosystem, which involves evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation |
| competition | the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources |
| commensalism | the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it |
| mutualism | the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent |
| parasitism | the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage) |
| detrivores | Consumers that feed at every trophic level, obtaining their energy and nutrients by eating dead organic matter (e.g. bacteria and fungi) |
| Food pyramid | a model that shows the loss of energy from one trophic level to another; often called an ecological pyramid |
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