| Term | Definition |
|---|
| King Philip | Leader of the Native Americans who kept attacking settlers in New England. After he was killed, his head was displayed on a pole for 25 years |
| Magellan | His expedition circumnavigated the world. He died in the Philippines. |
| Virginia Dare | The first English baby born in the New World |
| George Clavert, Lord Baltimore | Englishmen who founded Maryland as a religious have for Roman Catholics |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | He was a sea dog who was well known for being one of Queen Elizabeth's favorites. He also founded the first English colony in the New World, which was Roanoke |
| Queen Elizabeth I | This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England |
| Thomas Hooker | Founded Connecticut for religious reasons-Massachusetts Bay was too strict |
| George Washington | A war hero during the French and Indian War. Also the commander of the Colonial forces during the Revolution. President of the Constitutional Convention |
| Henry Hudson | An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him |
| Louis Montcalm | The French commander at the Battle of Quebec. He was killed in this battle |
| William Pitt | The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war. |
| Hernando de Soto | Spanish explorer who discovered and claimed the Mississippi River for Spain |
| Ponce de Leon | Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth |
| James Wolfe | The British commander at the Battle of Quebec during the French and Indian War. He was killed during the battle |
| Roger Williams | He fled from Massachusetts Bay Colony because it had such strict religious rules and founded Rhode Island for religious freedom |
| John Smith | The strict leader of Jamestown who said, "If you don't work, you don't eat." |
| William Penn | The founder of the Quaker colony, Pennsylvania |
| Squanto and Samoset | Native Americans who helped teach the Plymouth colonists about farming. Squanto had learned English |
| Christopher Columbus | He was the first European to find America. He made four voyages to the New World and landed on San Salvador in the Bahamas. He died in poverty, but his discovery opened up a whole new world for exploration. |
| Jacques Cartier | French Explorer who explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada and claimed this land for France |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas of Peru |
| John Cabbot | Explored and claimed the Atlantic coast for England |
| Peter Minuit | Dutch leader in New York who bought Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for $24.00 in trinkets |
| John Winthrop | The leader of the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay for over 40 years |
| Anne Huchinson | She left Massachusetts Bay Colony because of religious persecution. She helped to found Rhode Island |
| Charles II | King of England who was restored to the throne after being in exile in France after the Puritans took control of England. He began colonizing again by giving his supporters land in the New World |
| John Rolfe | He brought tobacco to Jamestown, which saved this colony from failing, and he also was married to Pocahontas |
| Edward Braddock | English Commander who was killed at the Battle of Dusquesne during the French and Indian War |
| James Ogelthorpe | The English founder of Georgia as a colony for debtors |
| Katharine of Aragon | Henry VIII's first wife. She was Roman Catholic and the mother of Queen Mary (Bloody Mary) |
| Anne Boleyn | She was Henry VIII's second wife and was called "Anne of 1000 Days". She was beheaded and was the mother of Elizabeth I. |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | The son of the king of Portugal. Founder of the most advanced navigation school in Europe in the 1400's. |
| Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand | Spanish monarchs who financed Columbus's voyage. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him. |
| Vasco de Gama | A portuguese explorer who was the first person to reach India by sailing around Africa. |
| Maquette and Joliet | French explorers who sailed down the Mississippi River to the Arkansas River and claimed the area for France |
| Samuel de Champlain | The French explorer who founded Quebec. |
| Joint Stock Companies | Companies that financed the settlement of America. |
| Quakers | Religious group that settled Pennsylvania. They believed in no war and equality for all. |
| House of Burgesses | The first representative assembly in the New World which was Jamestown. |
| Line of Demarcation | An imaginary line that the Pope drew through the New World. The land east of the line belonged to Portugal; the land west of the line belonged to Spain. |
| Reformation | A movement to improve the Roman Catholic Church. Martin Luther began it when he nailed ninety-five Theses tot he Wittenburg Church in Germany. He began the Lutheran religion, and other religions followed. ex: John Wesley and the Methodist Church, John Calvin and the Presbyterian Church, and Henry VIII and the Church of England (because he wanted a divorce, and the Pop wouldn't grant him one). |
| Restoration | King Charles II was restored to the throne after his father, Charles I, had been beheaded by Puritans. Oliver Cromwell came to power England and ruled for eleven years as a Puritan. When Cromwell died, Charles II was restored to the throne, and he began colonization again by giving land in the New World to people who had been loyal to him. |
| Maryland | Colony founded as a haven for Roman Catholics who had been persecuted in England |
| Theocracy | The church and the government are the same. |
| Spanish Armada and results | A group of Spanish warships who were defeated by the English in 1588. This began the decline of Spain as a world power and the rise of England as the most powerful country in the world. |
| Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria | These were the ships in which Columbus and his crew sailed to the New World. |
| Sea Dogs | English Pirates |
| Fort Necessity | The fort which George Washington built in the Ohio Valley to protect the English from the French. |
| 1215 | The year the Magna Carta was signed. The Magna Carta was a document which was signed by King John, which gave the people more power. For example--it contained a provision for a trial by jury. In Great Britain. |
| Sweden | Ice-skating was brought to the New World from this country. |
| Edward VI | Henry VIII's only legitimate son. His mother was Jane Seymour, and he died at age 15. |
| Roanoke | Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them. |
| Mercantilism | An economic system in which colonies are used as a source of natural resources and trade ONLY with the mother country |
| Triangle Trade | A trade route which exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa. |
| French and Indian War-dates | 1754 to 1763 |
| The French, the Huron Indians, the Spanish vs. the English, and the Iroquois | French and Indian War was between what two groups? |
| Two causes of the French and Indian War | 1) The French were giving Indians guns to fight the British 2) The English and the French both wanted the fur trade in the Ohio Valley |
| Fort Duquesne | The fort that the French controlled and the English wanted in the Ohio Valley. It became fort PItt and then Pittsburg. |
| Quebec | The capital of the French Empire in America |
| Treaty of Paris, 1763, (ended the French and Indian War) | 1) England got lands east of the Mississippi River and Canada 2) Spain got New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory 3) The British get Florida from Spain. |
| Great Awakening | A powerful religious revival that swept over the colonies beginning in the 1720s. Jonathan Edwards was at the most famous preacher of that time. |
| Why was the French and Indian War important? | 1) George Washington becomes a war hero 2) The colonists learn to fight 3) Great Britain began taxing the colonists to pay for the French and Indian War. |
| Proprietary colony | A colony in which the land was given by the king to a small group of people |
| Charter Colony | Land given to a large group of people to establish a colony |
| Henry VIII | He is known for his six wives and for beginning the Church of England. |
| Royal Colony | A colony controlled by the King and his advisors |
| Fort Christina | The main Swedish settlement in the New World. |
| Indentured Servant | Someone who worked for 2 to 7 years for free passage to the New World |
| Log Cabin | It came from the Swedish |
| Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. |
| Pilgrims | Also called the Separatists. They made their own religion, They came over on the Mayflower in 1620 and settled the colony of Plymouth. |
| Massachusetts Bay | Colony settled by the Puritans. It was very strict and eventually becomes the city of Boston. |
| Plymouth | Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony. |
| Jamestown | A colony settled in Virginia to make money. It was the first permanent English settlement. 1607. |
| City of Brotherly Love | Philadelphia. Settled by Quakers. |
| Mayflower | The ship in which the Pilgrims came over. |
| Mayflower Compact | The document that was the basis for government in Plymouth. It was written on the ship coming over to the New World. It was as step towards democracy in America. |
| Conquistadors | Spanish conquerors in the New World. |
| South Carolina | They had large plantations, which grew cotton, indigo, and rice. Most wanted to keep strong ties with England and followed England's customs. |
| North Carolina | Most living there were frontier people who grew tobacco. |
| Tariff | Tax on goods coming into a country. |
| Toleration Act | A law which protected religious freedom for Christians in the Maryland. |
| New Netherland | A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York. |
| Georgia | The last colony to be settled in 1732. Had strong ties to England. |
| ) to get gold and silver, riches 2) To convert the Native-Americans to Catholicism 3) To expand the empire with new lands | Reasons for Spanish exploration |
| Philip II | King of Spain during the Spanish Armada. Married to Mary who was Henry VIII's daughter whose nickname was Bloody Mary because she killed so many protestants when she came to the throne in England. |
| Religious tolerance | Religious freedom. One of the many reasons people settled the New World |
| four | How many voyages did Columbus make? |
| Who founded New York, and what was it originally called? | The Dutch founded new York. Originally called New Netherland. New York City was originally called New Amsterdam. |
| Navigation Acts | Laws that England put on the colonies to ensure that America would only trade with England. England profited tremendously from these laws. The basis of these laws was mercantilism. |
| Who could vote in the Colonies? | White, land-owning males. |
| What were the major powers in America in 1700? | France and England |
| Northwest Passage | All-water route to Asia across North America which the Europeans hoped to find. |
| Thomas Paine | Wrote "Common Sense" and "The Crisis"- pamplets which fueled the fires of the Revolution. "These are the times that try men's souls." |
| George Washington and his role in the Revolution | He was a war hero and commander of the Colonial forces during the Revolution. |
| George III | King of England before and during the Revolution |
| Crispus Attucks | A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre. |
| Patriots | People who were for independence from England. |
| Tories (Loyalists) | People who were against independence and wanted to remain loyal to England. |
| Sons of Liberty | Group of men who were determined to get independence. Sam Adams was the founder. |
| Writs of Assistance | Gave England the authority to search the colonist's homes at any time for smuggled goods. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Act in which the colonists were not allowed to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. |
| Stamp Act | Law in which the colonists had to pay for stamps to put on all paper documents. These documents included wills and playing cards as well as newspapers, etc. |
| Tea Act | The British East India Company was going out of business. The English wanted to save it from bankruptcy, so they forced the colonists to buy tea only from this company. |
| Boston Tea Party | In response to the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty dressed up as Mohawk Indians and threw 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. Worth thousands of dollars. British were furious. |
| Declaratory Act | After the British repealed the Stamp Act, Great Britain said that it could still do anything to the colonies that it deemed necessary to keep them in line. |
| Townshend Acts | This was a tax on paint, paper, lead, tea, and glass that was put on the colonists. |
| Boycott | To refuse to buy. Many colonists refused to buy English goods before the Revolution. |
| Boston massacre | British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution. |
| Benjamin Franklin | A statesman from Pennsylvania who was one of the most famous colonists during Revolutionary times. He invented the Franklin Stove, bifocals, the lightning rod, and many other things. Discovered that lightning was electricity. Signed the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. |
| Pocahontas | The wife of John Rolfe of Jamestown. She was NOT in love with John Smith did save his life when she begged her father (Powhatan) not to kill him. |
| Lexington and Concord | The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts. |
| Minutemen | Patriots who were ready to fight the British in a minute's notice. |
| Samuel Prescott | The patriot, along with William Dawes and Paul Revere, warned the colonists that the British were coming before Lexington and Concord. |
| Coercive Acts | Response of the British to the Boston Tea Party. The closed the Boston harbor to shipping. British officials went back to England to be tried. Put a royal governor back in power and suspended the representation assembly. Colonists called these acts the Intolerable Acts. |
| Who were the protestants? | Originally were people in England who PROTESTED against the policies of the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Parliament | The governing body in England |
| John Peter Zenger | Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty. |
| Paul Revere | Patriot who warned the colonists that the British were coming towards Lexington and Concord. (he got all the credit for the ride because of a famous poem written about him.) |
| July 4, 1776 | The date that most of the delegates signed the Declaration of Independence. Our Independence Day! |
| George Rogers Clarke | Captured the British for Vincennes, Indiana and secured the west for the colonists from the British during the Revolution. |
| John Burgoyne (Gentleman Johnny) | British general who surrendered to Benedict Arnold after the Battle of Saratoga. |
| Guerilla warfare | Where a force attacks quickly and then retreats. |
| Hessions | Germans who were paid by George III to fight for English during the Revolution. |
| Countries which helped colonists during the Revolution | France and Spain |
| Francis Marion | Called the "swamp fox". Used guerilla warfare in South Carolina to help the colonial army against the British. |
| Marquis de Lafayette | Young patriot from France who became George Washington's aide durng the Revolution. Gave money to the colonial cause and became like a son to George Washington. |
| Nathanael Greene | The excellent American general who was put in charge of the colonial troops in the southern U.S. during the Revolution. |
| Battle of Saratoga | The battle which was the turning point of the Revolution because after the colonists won this major victory, the French decided to support us with money, troops, ships, etc. |
| Yorktown | The last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. The French helped us. The was over, and colonists had won! |
| Ethan Allen | Defeated the British at Fort Ticonderoga. He and the Green Mountain Boys drug cannons over the Green Mountains to Boston for the colonial forces. |
| John Hancock | President of the Second Continental Congress which wrote the Declaration of Independence. He signed his name "big enough so that George III could read it without his glasses." |
| Benedict Arnold | Was an American hero in the Revolution. Then he "sold" West Point to the British and became a traitor to the United States. |
| Thomas Gage | The British general who was in command of Boston and went after the stockpiled weapons at Concord. |
| Baron Von Steuben | The German commander who taught Washington's troops how to fight at Valley Forge. |
| John Paul Jones | "Father of the American Navy". Hero of the Revolution who said, "I have not yet begun to fight." |
| Inalienable Rights | Found in the Declaration of Independence. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. |
| Constitutional Convention | In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in summer of 1787. |
| John Jay | First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. |
| Thomas Jefferson | Wrote the Declaration of Independence. He also began the Democratic Party. Leader of the Democratic-Republicans. |
| Washington's farewell address | 1. Stay neutral 2. Keep religion in your life 3. No political parties |
| James Madison | "The Father of the Constitution". He wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Third President. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | The govenrment put and excise tax on whiskey. Farmers in western Pennsylvania rebelled. Washington sent 13,000 troops to stop it. Significance-the U.S. government would and could enforce it's laws. |
| Marbary vs. Madison | One of the most important Supreme Court cases in American history. It was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a law made by Congress unconstitutional. (judicial review) Strengthened the power of the Supreme Court. |
| Alexander Hamilton | Secretary of Treasury under George Washington. Helped to establish financial independence for the United States. Leader of the Federalists. |
| Aaron Burr | Killed Alexander Hamilton in a dual. He tried to overthrow the U.S. government. |
| The XYZ affair | The United States send a delegation to France to negotiate a treaty. France refuses to talk with the men unless we pay France some money. The U.S. is furious, and we almost go to war. Significance-United States build up its military. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | Congress establish a court system. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | President John Adams said that you could not speak or write anything against him of the U.S. government. It also increased time for people to become citizens. These laws were to keep people from joining the Democrats or Republicans |
| Pickney Treaty | was with Spain and was a good treaty because we were allowed to use the Mississippi River for shipping. |
| Jay Treaty | Was with England and was a "bad" treaty. It didn't help the United States at all. |
| Tariff | Tax on goods coming into the United States. |
| Excise Tax | Tax on goods within the United States. |
| Judicial Review | The Supreme Court can declare a law made by Congress unconstitutional. |
| Elastic Clause | Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. It stretched the power of the Constitution because it said that anything could be done that is "necessary and good" for the U.S. |
| Articles of Confederation | The first constitution of the United States. Could only be changed by a unanimous vote. No president. |
| Three Branches of Government and the groups they contain. | Executive Branch-President, Vice-President, and the cabinet--executes the laws. Legislative-Congress (House of Representatives and Senate)--makes the laws. Judicial Branch-Supreme Court and all other courts--interprets the laws. |
| Qualifications for President | 1. Natural born citizen 2. At least 35 years old 3. 14 year resident (4 year term) |
| Qualifications for Senate | 1. At least 30 years old 2. resident from the state in which you are running 3. U.S. citizen for at least 9 years (6 year term) |
| Qualifications for House of Representatives | 1. At least 25 years old 2. U.S. citizen for at least 7 years 3. Resident from the State in which you are running (2 year term) |
| Bill of Rights | First ten amendments to the Constitution. |
| Senators from Tennessee | Lamar Alexander, and Bob Corker |
| Checks and Balances | A system where each branch of the government limits the power of the other branches. No one branch has too much power. |
| Bicameral legislature | A two house legislature |
| Electoral College | The group which actually elects the President and Vice-President of the U.S. A candidate has to get 270 electoral votes to win. Number of representatives + number of Senators = Number of electoral votes in each state. |
| Number of Senators | 100 |
| Number of members of the House of Representatives | 435 |
| Number of Justices of the Supreme Court | 9 |
| Original Jurisdiction | The first time a case is tried. |
| Appellate Jurisdiction | The Second and subsequent times a case is tried. |
| Habeas corpus | The right to be seen and heard in a courtroom by a judge. If you are to be found guilty or not guilty, you have the right to appear in court. |
| Ex post facto laws | A law which punishes people for a crime that was not a crime when it was committed. Congress cannot pass these laws. |
| Dates of the Revolution | 1775-1781 (the peace treaty was signed 1783) |
| Constantinople | The crossroads city between Europe and Asia. When Turks took this city over, trade routes were disrupted, and countries began looking for new trade routes which led to exploration. 1453. |
| Crusades | Religious wars between the Christians and the Muslims to capture the Holy Land. |
| French Economy | Based on fur trade |
| Why was there a halt to French exploration? | 1. French didn't find gold and silver 2. French were involved in wars and couldn't afford it. |
| Separatists | Another name for Pilgrims |
| 1620 | First African-Americans were brought by the Portuguese to Virginia to be slaves. |
| Richard Henry Lee | Proposed resolution for independence |
| Battle of Trenton | George Washington crossed the Delaware River to surprise the Hessions on Christmas Day. |
| Henry Knox | George Washington's Secretary of War |
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