Body Systems
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Created by:
joy2theworld9 on May 3, 2011
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88 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 epithelial tissue | sheets of cells that cover the body's suface and form the lining of the internal organs |
| connective tissue | hold together and support other tissues and cushion, insulate, and connect organs |
| nervous system | the system that forms the communication system that helps the body respond to the enviroment |
| neuron | a nerve cell that transmits signals |
| epidermis | the outermost layer of skin made of mostly dead epitheliat cells that flake off |
| melanin | a pigmented protein that fives the skin color |
| dermis | the layer of skin that lies beneath and supports the epidermis |
| skeletal muscle | a voluntary muscle connected to bone |
| smooth muscle | an involuntary muscle found on most organs |
| cardiac muscle | an involuntary muscle that helps your heart pump blood |
| homeostasis | the internal stability maintained by the body |
| joint | an area where one bone meets another |
| ligament | a strong fibrous tissue in a joint, attatching bone to bone |
| tendon | dense tissue attatching bone to muscle |
| hormone | signal molecules released by glands to help regulate the body systems |
| interstitial fluid | aqueous solution filling space between cells in a tissue |
| alimentary canal | the tube in which digestion occurs starting at the mouth and ending at the anus |
| bolus | a chewed clump of food that travels the alimentary canal |
| peristalsis | a series of muscle contractions that push through the esophogus |
| chyme | acidic mixture of food and stomach fluids that travel from the stomach to the small intestine |
| villi | small fingerlike projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients |
| arteries | blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart |
| capillaries | microscopic blood vessels connecting arteries and veins allowing exchange between blood and interstitial fluid |
| veins | blood vessels carrying blood to the heart |
| lymph | fluid from blood lost to interstitial fluid that is collected in the lymphatic vessels and reused in blood |
| aorta | the artery that supplies oxygen rich blood to the body; on left side of the heart |
| pulmonary circuit | carry blood from the heart to the lungs to collect oxygen and back to the heart to be dispersed through the body |
| systemic circuit | carry oxygen rich blood from the heart, to the body and back to the heart |
| plasma | solution in blood containing water, salts, and proteins |
| hemoglobin | a protein in red blood cells that stores oxygen |
| platelet | small fragments of blood cells that stick to a damaged blood cells and release clotting factors to form fibrin and trap red blood cells from leaving vessels |
| pharynx | the throat; passage ways for air and food cross |
| epiglottis | covers air passage when swallowing to prevent water and food from entering lungs |
| trachea | the air passageway to the lungs |
| diaphragm | sheet of muscle forming the bottom wall of the chest cavity allowing breathing |
| pathogens | disease causing organisms or viruses |
| germ theory of disease | a theory stating that infectious disease is caused by pathogens that spread among organisms |
| histamine | chemical alarm released by mast cells which causes blood vessels to increase blood flow and the number of white blood cells there |
| antigen | a molecule on the surface of cancer cells, pollen, fungi, bacteria, and viruses that provokes an immune response |
| antibodies | proteins found on the surface of white blood cells that attck certain antigens |
| vaccine | a nonharmful does of a pathogen to stimulate immune response and formation of memory cells to protect from a real exposure to the pathogen |
| active immunity | when the body produces antibodies against infection |
| passive immunity | when the body recieves antibodies for a disease from another source |
| allergies | an abnormal oversensitivity to an otherwise nonharmful antigen known as an allergen |
| urea | compound of ammonia and carbon dioxide excreted from the body by the kidneys |
| excretion | the removal of nitrogen-containing wastes from the body |
| endocrine glands | glands that secret hormones |
| nephrons | microscopic filtering tubules in the kidney consisting of one tubule and its blood vessels |
| nervous | the system that coordinates the body's activities by detecting stimulii and directing the body's responses |
| skeletal | the system that provides body support, protects certain organs such as the brain and lungs, and works with the muscular system in body movements |
| muscular | the system that enables body movement and facial expressions essentail to human communication |
| integumentary | the system that covers the body and protects it from injury, infection, excessive heat/cold, and drying out |
| circulatory | the system that delivers oxygen and nutrients to body cells and transports waste products to excretory organs |
| respiratory | the system that exhchanges gases with the environment |
| digestive | the system that ingests food, breaks it down into smaller chamical units for use in the body and eliminates undigested material |
| excretory | the system that removes waste products from the body and regulates the chemical makeup of the blood |
| endocrine | the system that secretes hormones that affect the functons of target cells and thereby regulates the activites of the other organ systems |
| reproductive | the system that reproduces gametes; the female system also provides the organs needed to support a developing embyro |
| lymphatic/immune | the system that defends the body against infections and cancer cells; supports the function of the circulatory sustem by returning fluid to blood vessels near heart |
| keratin | protein that makes up hair and nails |
| central nervous system | the part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal chord |
| peripheral nervous system | the part of the nervous system that includes nerves |
| sensory receptors | the part of the nervous system that includes the nose, mouth, eyes, ears, and skin |
| nose/mouth> pharynx> trachea> lungs | the order of the respiratory system |
| rectum and anus | organs of elimination |
| ingestion | taking food in |
| digestion | machanically and chemically breaking down food |
| absorbtion | cells take up nutrients |
| elimination | removal of undigested material |
| pharynx | the part of digestion where the bolus goes before the throat |
| epiglottis | prevents food from entering the trachea |
| esophagus | the part of digestion that moves the bolus to the stomach through peristalsis |
| gastric juice | mixture of mucus, hydrochloric acid and enzymes that breaks down food |
| small intestine | the part of digestion where digestion is completed and absortion begins |
| liver | makes bile to separate fat |
| gallbladder | stores bile and releases it into the small intestine to mix with chyme |
| pancreas | releases juices into the small intestine that contain enzymes for breaking down carbs, proteins, and lipids |
| large intestine | reabsorbs water from undigested matieral |
| pineal | the gland that controls biorhythms in some animals and control the onset of puberty in humans |
| thyroid | the gland that stimulates metabolic rate and is essential to normal growth and development |
| pituitary | the gland that stimulates growth and stimulates secretion of hormones from other glands |
| ovary | the gland that stimulates development of female secondary sex characteristics, stimulates growth of sex organs at puberty, and prompts monthly preparation of uterus for pregnancy |
| hypothalamus | the gland that the major area where the nervous and endocrine systems interact |
| pancreas | the gland that controls blood glucose levels and determines the fate of glycogen |
| adrenal | the gland that initiates stress responses, increases heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolic rate, dilates blood vessels, mobilizes fat and raises blood sugar levels |
| thymus | the gland that promotes production and maturation of white blood cells |
| testis | the gland that stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics, stimulates growth spurt at puberty, and stimulates spermatogenesis |
| parathyroid | the gland that increases blood calcium level, stimulates calcium reabsortion and activates vitamin D |
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