1.
Columbus: ...
2.
Commercial Revolution: New business practices tied to the Age of Exploration
1. Development of Capitalism; an economic system in which money is invested in a business to make a profit.
2. 1600's: Government chartered banks replaced wealthy baking families that had been used through the 1500's; banks helped merchants finance overseas ventures.
3. Joint Stock Companies: Raised money by selling stock in the venture, enabling large and small investors to share profits and risks.
4. Supply of coins increased leading to inflation (one negative thing that happens in the economy).
5. Entrepreneurs combined money, ideas, raw materials, and labor to make goods and profits. The merchants (middle class) profited most from this.
6. Merchants prospered while peasant life remained difficult.
3.
Cortes: • 1519: defeated Montezuma II and conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
4.
Da Gama: ...
5.
Dias: ...
6.
Drake: ...
7.
Encomienda: monarchs granted landowners the right to enslave the Natives; many died from mistreatment (disease was #1 killer)
8.
Entrepreneur: ...
9.
Financing for overseas voyages: ...
10.
Henry Hudson: claimed land for the Dutch along the Atlantic coast of North America
11.
Isabella: ...
12.
Jamestown: first permanent British settlement in the New World
13.
Joint-Stock Companies: ...
14.
Las Casas: _______ pleaded for laws to protects the Natives (New Laws) but these were never enforced
15.
Magellan: ...
16.
Medici: ...
17.
Mercantilism: • Economic theory that says a nation's power depended on its wealth.
• Wealth was measured in bullion (gold and silver).
• Nations should strive to be self-sufficient by:
o Mining gold and silver at home or overseas
o Hoarding gold and silver
o Maintaining a favorable balance of trade by exporting (selling) more than importing (buying).
o Aiding businesses by granting monopolies and setting tariffs (taxes on imports).
o Establishing colonies to provide raw materials and markets for finished goods. (things a country would do to help a country become self-sufficient).
18.
Middle Passage: The journey across the Atlantic for Africans who would become slaves; 10-24 million Africans were brought to the Americas;; 1 in 5 did not survive the trip
• Slavery meant hard work and a short life
• Few slave rebellions were successful; some managed to escape to freedom
• Slaves survived by maintain family ties and keeping their culture alive; eventually through Christian faith as well
19.
Montezuma II: • 1519: Cortes defeated __________ and conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
20.
Motives for exploration: ...
21.
Motives of Conquistidores: • Conquistadores came to serve God, their kind and to get rich
22.
Native population in Americas; treatment by Spanish, French, British: ...
23.
New Laws: • Bartolome de LasCasas pleaded for laws to protects the Natives (New Laws) but these were never enforced
24.
Pizarro: • 1532: ____ invaded the Inca Empire in Peru and defeated their leader, Atahualpa
25.
Portugal's role in Age of Exploration: ...
26.
Prince Henry: • Set up a school for sailors
• 1487 Bartholomeu Dias reached southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
• 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed to Calicut, India but merchants were reluctant to trade with him
27.
Reasons Spanish were able to conquer Aztec/Inca: • Spanish were able to conquer natives easily due to: (1) better weapons (2) use of horses in battle (3) diseases had already weakened native population and (4) some natives helped the Spanish defeat their own leaders
28.
Technology that made voyages of exploration possible: o Compass enabled sailors to determine direction (eventually replaced astrolabe which was difficult to use)
o Improved maps
o Lateen sails allowed ships to sail against the wind
o Multiple masts made ships faster
o Stern rudder made ships more maneuverable
o The caravel was a ship that had all of the new features and lots of cargo space
29.
Tordesillas: • Line drawn by the Pope in 1493 (line of demarcation) divided the world between Spain and Portugal
Spain received lands west of the line, Portugal took lands east of the line
30.
Triangular Trade: Trade was between Americas, Europe, and Africa;
• From Americas- sugar, molasses, cotton, tobacco;
• From Europe- manufactured goods
• From Africa- slaves
31.
Viceroy: • Spain had_______ that ruled local provinces with advice from councils or Spanish settlers; the Council of the Indies, which met in Spain, made decisions for the colonies
