lab 26- 35 bio lab practical
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Created by:
cmercado2011 on May 4, 2011
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SENSES, SPINAL NERVES, EQUILIBRIUM
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118 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Normal vision | emmetropia |
| What are the light rays refracted by? | By the lens and cornea then to the photoreceptors of the retina. |
| Astigmatism | Defect of the curvature of the cornea or the lens. |
| What do concave lens fix? | Concave lens separate the light rays(divergence.) So the concave lens fix eyes that are nearsightedness. The lens of concave eyes create a "u" formation. |
| What do convex lens fix? | Convex lens cross the light rays (convergence). So the convex lens fix eyes that are farsightedness. The lens of the convex eyes form a round bowl protruding out. |
| Why does farsightedness (hyperopia) occurs? | When someone is farsightedness the image is focused behind the retina because the eyeball is too short. |
| Due to natural aging process, what does this cause lens to do? | The lens' elasticity decreases, which causes people to slowly not have the ability to see nearby or closeup objects. |
| Hereditary defects in color vision result from lack of what? | Certain cones needed to absorb certain wavelengths of light. |
| What is the purpose of visual acuity test? And what is used for testing? | To test the sharpness of vision. A chart called, Snellen Eye Chart is used. |
| What is the consequence of an astigmatism? | Some of the portions of an image projected on the retina are sharply focused, but other parts are blurred. |
| What is the astigmatism testing? What is used? | The test is testing if an individual has an astigmatism, testing if there is a defect in the curvature in the cornea or the lens. |
| accommodation | the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. |
| What is the accommodation testing? | Testing the elasticity of the eye. The accommodation involves a reflex which involves the muscles of the ciliary body. Relaxing the tension of the suspensory ligaments that are attached to the lens. this causes the surface to become convex. |
| Normal accommodation for people around the age of 20 is what? | 10 cm of points |
| What does the color vision test? What is used? | Test if the person was born lacking cones causing to be sensitive to reds or greens. The Ishihara's book is used to test any red-green defects. |
| protanopia colorblindness | possess decreased sensitivity to the red-sensitive cones |
| deuteranopia colorblindess | possess decreased sensitivity to green-sensiive cones |
| What is blind-spot demonstration? | Demonstrating that proves that the optic nerve does not possess any photoreceptors. |
| Name and define the three reflexes: Photopupillary reflex, accommodation pupillary reflex, and convergence reflex. | photopupillary reflex= smooth muscles controlling the size of the pupil. accommodation pupillary reflex= pupil constricts as a normal accommodation reflex to focus on close objects. convergence reflex= eyes converge as normal convergence reflex to focus on close objects. |
| Posterior 5/6 this of middle (vascular) tunic | choroid coat |
| white part of outer (fibrous) tunic | sclera |
| Transparent anterior portion of outer tunic | cornea |
| inner lining of eyelid | conjunctiva |
| secretes tears | lacrimal gland |
| fills posterior cavity of eye | vitreous humor |
| area where optic nerve exits the eye | optic disc |
| smooth muscle that controls light entering the eye | iris |
| fills anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye | aqueous humor |
| contains visual receptors called rods and cones | retina |
| connects lens to ciliary body | suspensory ligament |
| cause lens to change shape | ciliary muscles |
| List the structures and fluids through which light passes as it travels from the cornea to the retina. | CORNEA, aqueous humor, PUPIL OF IRIS, lens, VITREOUS HUMOR, retina |
| How are the rods and cones different? | Rods= dimlight (night time) & black/white colors & more of rods than cones Cones= bright light & see color |
| what kind of tissues do you think is responsible for this quality of toughness that cause cutting a layer of the eye difficult? | dense fibers of C.T. |
| where do you find aqueous humor in the dissected eye? | behind cornea and lens |
| what is the function of the dark pigment in the choroid coat? | dark pigment absorbs all the excess light |
| Where is conjunctiva located? | Located outside the cornea |
| The eye contains what, modified neurons located on its inner wall. | photoreceptors |
| Name in order the labeling of the lacrimal apparatus. | lacrimal gland, superior and inferior canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity, and inferior nasal concha |
| jellylike mass helps to hold the lens in place anteriorly and helps to hold the retina against the chord coat. | vitreous humor |
| serves to reflect light back throughout the retina, an action thought to aid the night vision of some animals. its located on an iridescent area of the choroid coat beneath the retina. | tapetum fibrosum |
| The organs of static equilibrium are located within two expanded chambers called the what and the saccule. | utricle |
| all of the balance organs are located within the blank bone of the skull. | temporal |
| the receptor cells of these organs are found in the wall of the membranous labyrinth in a structure called the blank. | macula |
| otoliths are small grains of composed of | calcium carbonate |
| sensory impulses travel from the organs of equilibrium to the brain on the blank nerve. | vestibulocochlear nerve |
| the sensory organ of a semicircular canal lies within a swilling of the clean called the what | ampulla |
| the sensory organ within the ampulla of a semicircular canal is called a what? | crista ampullaris |
| the blank of this sensory organ consists of a dome-shaped gelatinous mass. | cupula |
| when the head is moved, the fluid inside the membranous portion of a semicircular canal tends to remain stationary because of the blank of the fluid. | inertia |
| parts of the what of the brain interpret impulses from the equilibrium receptors. | cerebellum |
| When the eyes are open what sensory organs provide information needed to maintain equilibrium? | Within the utricle and saccule of the vestibules of the inner ear. |
| When the eyes are open what sensory organs provide information needed to maintain equilibrium? | within the ampullae of the semicircular canals of the inner ear |
| aka of static equilibrium | gravitational equilibrium |
| aka of dynamic equilibrium | rotational equilibrium |
| auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane | malleus |
| air-filled space containing auditory ossicles | tympanic cavity |
| contacts hairs of hearing receptors | tectorial membrane |
| leads from oval window to apex of cochlea | scala vestibuli |
| s-shaped tube leading to tympanic membrane | external acoustic meatus |
| wax-secreting structure | ceruminous gland |
| cone-shaped, semitransparent membrane attached to membrane | tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
| auditory ossicle attached to oval window | stapes |
| contains endolymph | membranous labyrinth |
| bony canal of inner ear in temporal bone | osseous (bony) labyrinth |
| connects middle ear and pharynx | auditory tube |
| extends from apex of cochlea to round window | scala tympani |
| Where are hearing receptors located? | Located in the organ of corti within the inner ear |
| Where does the auditory impulse pass over to? | vestibulocochlear nerve into the auditory cortex of the brain. |
| what parts of the inner ear have the function of equilibrium | semicircular canals, utricle and saccule of vestibule |
| What test is use to detect if there is sensory deafness. | weber test |
| tast receptor cells are modified | epithelial cells |
| the opening to taste bud is called a | taste pore |
| the blank of a taste cells are its sensitive part. | taste hair |
| before the taste of a substance can be detected, the substance must be dissolved in | saliva or water |
| bitter taste are associated with | alkaloids |
| salt receptors are mainly stimulated by ionized inorganic | salts |
| substances that stimulate taste cells bind with | receptor sites on the surface of taste hairs. |
| the olfactory interpreting centers are located deep within the temporal lobes and at the base of the blank lobes of the cerebrum | frontal |
| a chemical would be considered blank if a person lacks a particular receptor site on the cilia of the olfactory neurons. | odorless |
| olfactory bulbs lie on either side of the | crista galli of the ethmoid bone |
| the axons of olfactory receptors pass through small openings in the blank of the ethmoid bone. | cribiform plate |
| distal ends of the olfactory neurons are covered with hairlike blank | cilia |
| Olfactory, or smell receptors are blank neuron surrounded by columnar epithelial cells. | bipolar neurons |
| umami sensation is associated with | aspartic and glutamic acids |
| structure formed by the crossing over of optic nerves | optic chiasma |
| part of diencephalon that forms lower walls and floor of third ventricle | hypothalamus |
| cone-shaped structure attached to upper posterior portion of diencephalon | pineal gland |
| connects cerebral hemispheres | corpus callosum |
| ridge on surface of cerebrum | gyrus |
| separates frontal and parietal lobes | central sulcus |
| parto of brainstem between diencephalon and pons | midbrain |
| rounded bulge on underside of brainstem | pons |
| a layer of dura mater that separates cerebellar hemispheres | falx cerebelli |
| cerebral lobe located deep within lateral sulcus | insula |
| thin layer of gray matter on surface of cerebrum | cerebral cortex |
| trigeminal nerve | stimulates superior oblique eye muscle |
| abducens nerve | lateral eye movement |
| optic nerve | vision and opening eyes |
| oculomotor nerve | pupil constriction and open eye lid, moving eyes |
| hypoglossal nerve | control tongue movements |
| are routes followed by nerve impulses as they pass through the nervous system | nerve pathway |
| interneurons in a withdrawal reflex are located in the | spinal cord |
| are automatic subconscious responses to external or internal stimuli | reflex |
| the effector muscle of patellar reflex | quadricep femoris |
| the normal plantar reflex results in | flexion of toes |
| stroking the sole of the foot in infants results in dorsflexion and toes that spread apart, called the | bobinski reflex |
| sensory receptors of a withdrawal reflex are located in the | skin |
| effectors of a reflex are glands and | muscles |
| band of pia mater that anchors dura mater to cord | denticulate ligament |
| channel though which venous blood flow | dural sinus |
| separates dura mater from bone of vertebra | epidural space |
| contains cerebrospinal fluid | subarachnoid space |
| ascending tract to the brain to interpret touch, pressure and body movements | lateral spinothalamic |
| descending tract whose fibers conduct motor impulses to sweat glands and muscles to control tone | corticospinal |
| descending tract whose fibers conduct motor impulses to skeletal muscles | reticulospinal |
| ascending tract to the cerebellum necessary for coordination of skeletal muscles | posterior spinocerebellar |
| ascending tract to the brain to give rise to sensations of temperature and pain | fasciculus gracilis |
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