Microbiology
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90 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What does metabolism refer to? | The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism |
| What is energy stored in the form of? | ATP |
| Enzymes are proteins that have what main function? | To lower the activation energy |
| When a cofactor is an organic molecule, what is it called? | Coenzyme |
| What is the removal of one or more electrons from the substrate called? | Oxidation |
| What is the addition of a phosphate to a molecule called? | Phosphorylation |
| What are the three principle stages of the respiration of glucose? | Glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain (system) |
| What is the end product of glycolysis? | Pyruvic acid |
| What are NADH and FADH2 used for in the electron transport chain? | Their electrons |
| Which principle step of the respiration of glucose produces the most ATP? | Electron transport chain (system) |
| Which general class of organisms is known as "heat-loving"? | Thermophiles |
| Which of the following items is/are required for microorganisms to be cultured properly? | Water, Nutrients, environment and time |
| Which type of medium is good for experimental work? | Chemically defined |
| What is the best definition of a colony? | A visible mass of microbial cells that theoretically arose from one cell |
| What does a plate count assume? | Each bacterium grows into a single colony. |
| If you have 500,000 cells to start and you do a 104 dilution (a step series of 1:10 dilutions), how many cells do you have? | 50 |
| Using the same information from question 16, how many cells would you theoretically have after the second dilution (1:10 performed in each step)? | 5,000 |
| If E.coli are rapidly dividing as fast as possible, which phase of growth are they in? | Log |
| If the same cells are experiencing a decline in total numbers because more are dying than new cells being formed, which phase of growth is the organism in? | Death |
| Which counting method for bacteria uses a confidence limit typically to assess the number of probable cells in a liquid medium? | Most probable number |
| A mesophile is an example of an organism named for what type of growth requirement? | Physical |
| What is the temperature range most likely to spoil food the quickest? | 30 degrees Celsius |
| What do you call a bacteria that grows at 0 degrees Celcius? | Psychrophile |
| What is a nutrient material prepared for the growth of microorganisms in a laboratory called? | Culture Medium |
| What culture media uses suppression of unwanted microbes and encourages desired microbes. | Selective |
| Why does heat kill microorganisms? | It denatures the essentially three dimensional shape of their proteins |
| Which of the following is a chemical method of microbial control? | The use of Phenolics |
| How does alcohol help control microbial growth? | Lipid dissolution and protein denaturation |
| Which of the following is most resistant to chemical biocides? | Prions |
| What is the purpose of the disc diffusion method? | To evaluate the efficacy of a chemical agent |
| The purpose of a mordant in the Gram stain is | to prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells (increase the affinity of the primary stain) |
| This microscope produces an image of a light cell against a dark background; internal structures are not visible. | Darkfield microscope |
| Which of the following is not correct? | 1 nm = 10-6 µm |
| The counterstain in the Gram stain is | a basic dye |
| The light that hits the specimen is scattered and does not come directly from the light source in this microscope. | Darkfield microscope |
| The appearance of gram-positive bacteria after addition of the first dye in the Gram stain is | purple |
| The appearance of gram-negative bacteria after addition of the mordant in the Gram stain is | purple |
| The appearance of gram-negative bacteria after addition of the decolorizing agent in the Gram stain is | colorless |
| The appearance of gram-positive bacteria after adding the counterstain in the Gram stain is | purple |
| The appearance of gram-negative bacteria after completeing the Gram stain is | pink or red |
| By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration? | Active transport |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the plasma membrane? | Maintains cell shape |
| All of the following are lacking a cell wall except | fungi |
| Which of the following statements is true? | Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes. |
| Which of the following is generally not true of prokaryotic cells? | They possess 80S ribosomes. |
| Which of the following is not true about gram-negative cell walls? | When alcohol is applied in the Gram staining technique, it dehydrates the peptidoglycan layer. |
| Which of the following is not a structure found in prokaryotic cells? | Cilia |
| Where are phospholipids most likely found in a eukaryotic cell? | Plasma membrane B and C |
| What does the term strepto- signify? | The arrangement of bacteria into chains |
| Bacillus and coccus are terms used to describe what about bacteria? | Their shape |
| Their DNA is not associated with histones. | Prokaryotes |
| Their cell walls contain peptidoglycan | Prokaryotes |
| Membrane enclosed organelles. | Eukaryotes |
| What are Coccus, Bacillus, and Spiral are examples of? | Bacterial shapes |
| What is murein? | Peptidoglycan |
| This enzyme joins two molecules | Ligase |
| This enzyme removes groups of atoms without hydrolysis | Lyase |
| This enzyme transfers functional groups | Transferase |
| This process is an ATP generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule. | Cellular respiration |
| What is the difference between homolactic and heterolactic fermentation? | Heterolactic organisms produce lactic acid as well as other types of acids or alcohols |
| Archaea are often found in | extreme environments |
| Many algae have cell walls composed of | cellulose |
| In the name Escherichia coli, coli is the | specific epithet |
| Which of the following is not a domain in the three-domain system? | Animalia |
| Regarding Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is true? | All of the above |
| Which of the following is a scientific name? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| The concept that living cells can arise only from other living cells is called | biogenesis |
| Whose experiments did Lazzaro Spallanzani repeat to disprove and suggest spontaneous generation of microorganisms was incorrect? | John Needham |
| What are the steps in Koch's postulates used for? | To relate a specific microbe to a specific disease |
| Several monumental achievements during the 20th century were possible due to groundwork laid in which "Age" of microbiology? | Golden |
| Which molecule has chemicals in genes? | Nucleic acids |
| Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of | glucose |
| Which of the following is a base? | NaOH ® Na+ + OH- |
| The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere with | eukaryotic plasma membranes |
| The smallest unit of matter is a(n) | atom |
| All atoms with the same number of protons that behave the same way are classified as | chemical elements |
| The valence shell of an atom is | the outer most shell |
| The strongest of the three chemical bonds is | covalent bond |
| What bond occurs when opposite charges combine (the forming of two ions)? | Ionic |
| What is a molecule called that undergoes a decomposition reaction that yields Hydrogen Ion and anion products? | Acid |
| Simple and single celled prokaryotes. They have various shapes and arrangements | Bacteria |
| Photosynthetic eukaryotes with both asexual and sexual reproductive forms | Algae |
| Multicellular animal parasite | Helminths |
| What bond is formed when opposite charges come together? | Ionic bonds |
| These kinds of bonds share electrons. | Covalent bonds |
| Identify the large and diverse group of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches. | Carbohydrates |
| This microscope contains a opaque disc that blocks light that would normally enter the objective lens directly. | Darkfield |
| This technique permits detailed examination of internal structures in living organisms. | Phase-Contrast |
| This type of microscopy is based on the wave nature of light. | Phase-Contrast |
| You would view a gram-stained specimen using this microscope type: | Brightfield |
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